item.cc

/*
   Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA */


#include "my_global.h"                          /* NO_EMBEDDED_ACCESS_CHECKS */
#include "sql_priv.h"
#include "unireg.h"                    // REQUIRED: for other includes
#include <mysql.h>
#include <m_ctype.h>
#include "my_dir.h"
#include "sp_rcontext.h"
#include "sp_head.h"                  // sp_prepare_func_item
#include "sp.h"                       // sp_map_item_type
#include "sql_trigger.h"
#include "sql_select.h"
#include "sql_show.h"                           // append_identifier
#include "sql_view.h"                           // VIEW_ANY_SQL
#include "sql_time.h"                  // str_to_datetime_with_warn,
                                       // make_truncated_value_warning
#include "sql_acl.h"                   // get_column_grant,
                                       // SELECT_ACL, UPDATE_ACL,
                                       // INSERT_ACL,
                                       // check_grant_column
#include "sql_base.h"                  // enum_resolution_type,
                                       // REPORT_EXCEPT_NOT_FOUND,
                                       // find_item_in_list,
                                       // RESOLVED_AGAINST_ALIAS, ...
#include "log_event.h"                 // append_query_string
#include "sql_test.h"                  // print_where
#include "sql_optimizer.h"             // JOIN

using std::min;
using std::max;

const String my_null_string("NULL", 4, default_charset_info);

/****************************************************************************/

/* Hybrid_type_traits {_real} */

void Hybrid_type_traits::fix_length_and_dec(Item *item, Item *arg) const
{
  item->decimals= NOT_FIXED_DEC;
  item->max_length= item->float_length(arg->decimals);
}

static const Hybrid_type_traits real_traits_instance;

const Hybrid_type_traits *Hybrid_type_traits::instance()
{
  return &real_traits_instance;
}


my_decimal *
Hybrid_type_traits::val_decimal(Hybrid_type *val, my_decimal *to) const
{
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, val->real, val->dec_buf);
  return val->dec_buf;
}


String *
Hybrid_type_traits::val_str(Hybrid_type *val, String *to, uint8 decimals) const
{
  to->set_real(val->real, decimals, &my_charset_bin);
  return to;
}

/* Hybrid_type_traits_decimal */
static const Hybrid_type_traits_decimal decimal_traits_instance;

const Hybrid_type_traits_decimal *Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::instance()
{
  return &decimal_traits_instance;
}


void
Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::fix_length_and_dec(Item *item, Item *arg) const
{
  item->decimals= arg->decimals;
  item->max_length= min<uint32>(arg->max_length + DECIMAL_LONGLONG_DIGITS,
                                DECIMAL_MAX_STR_LENGTH);
}


void Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::set_zero(Hybrid_type *val) const
{
  my_decimal_set_zero(&val->dec_buf[0]);
  val->used_dec_buf_no= 0;
}


void Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::add(Hybrid_type *val, Field *f) const
{
  my_decimal_add(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR,
                 &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no ^ 1],
                 &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                 f->val_decimal(&val->dec_buf[2]));
  val->used_dec_buf_no^= 1;
}


void Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::div(Hybrid_type *val, ulonglong u) const
{
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, u, TRUE, &val->dec_buf[2]);
  /* XXX: what is '4' for scale? */
  my_decimal_div(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR,
                 &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no ^ 1],
                 &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                 &val->dec_buf[2], 4);
  val->used_dec_buf_no^= 1;
}


longlong
Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::val_int(Hybrid_type *val, bool unsigned_flag) const
{
  longlong result;
  my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                 unsigned_flag, &result);
  return result;
}


double
Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::val_real(Hybrid_type *val) const
{
  my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                    &val->real);
  return val->real;
}


String *
Hybrid_type_traits_decimal::val_str(Hybrid_type *val, String *to,
                                    uint8 decimals) const
{
  my_decimal_round(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &val->dec_buf[val->used_dec_buf_no],
                   decimals, FALSE, &val->dec_buf[2]);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &val->dec_buf[2], 0, 0, 0, to);
  return to;
}

/* Hybrid_type_traits_integer */
static const Hybrid_type_traits_integer integer_traits_instance;

const Hybrid_type_traits_integer *Hybrid_type_traits_integer::instance()
{
  return &integer_traits_instance;
}

void
Hybrid_type_traits_integer::fix_length_and_dec(Item *item, Item *arg) const
{
  item->decimals= 0;
  item->max_length= MY_INT64_NUM_DECIMAL_DIGITS;
  item->unsigned_flag= 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************
** Item functions
*****************************************************************************/

void item_init(void)
{
  item_user_lock_init();
  uuid_short_init();
}


bool Item::val_bool()
{
  switch(result_type()) {
  case INT_RESULT:
    return val_int() != 0;
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
  {
    my_decimal decimal_value;
    my_decimal *val= val_decimal(&decimal_value);
    if (val)
      return !my_decimal_is_zero(val);
    return 0;
  }
  case REAL_RESULT:
  case STRING_RESULT:
    return val_real() != 0.0;
  case ROW_RESULT:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return 0;                                   // Wrong (but safe)
  }
}


/*
  For the items which don't have its own fast val_str_ascii()
  implementation we provide a generic slower version,
  which converts from the Item character set to ASCII.
  For better performance conversion happens only in 
  case of a "tricky" Item character set (e.g. UCS2).
  Normally conversion does not happen.
*/
String *Item::val_str_ascii(String *str)
{
  if (!(collation.collation->state & MY_CS_NONASCII))
    return val_str(str);
  
  DBUG_ASSERT(str != &str_value);
  
  uint errors;
  String *res= val_str(&str_value);
  if (!res)
    return 0;
  
  if ((null_value= str->copy(res->ptr(), res->length(),
                             collation.collation, &my_charset_latin1,
                             &errors)))
    return 0;
  
  return str;
}


String *Item::val_string_from_real(String *str)
{
  double nr= val_real();
  if (null_value)
    return 0;                                   /* purecov: inspected */
  str->set_real(nr,decimals, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


String *Item::val_string_from_int(String *str)
{
  longlong nr= val_int();
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  str->set_int(nr, unsigned_flag, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


String *Item::val_string_from_decimal(String *str)
{
  my_decimal dec_buf, *dec= val_decimal(&dec_buf);
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  my_decimal_round(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, dec, decimals, FALSE, &dec_buf);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &dec_buf, 0, 0, 0, str);
  return str;
}


String *Item::val_string_from_datetime(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if (get_date(&ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE) ||
      (null_value= str->alloc(MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH)))
    return (String *) 0;
  make_datetime((DATE_TIME_FORMAT *) 0, &ltime, str, decimals);
  return str;
}


String *Item::val_string_from_date(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if (get_date(&ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE) ||
      (null_value= str->alloc(MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH)))
    return (String *) 0;
  make_date((DATE_TIME_FORMAT *) 0, &ltime, str);
  return str;
}


String *Item::val_string_from_time(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if (get_time(&ltime) || (null_value= str->alloc(MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH)))
    return (String *) 0;
  make_time((DATE_TIME_FORMAT *) 0, &ltime, str, decimals);
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item::val_decimal_from_real(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  double nr= val_real();
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, nr, decimal_value);
  return (decimal_value);
}


my_decimal *Item::val_decimal_from_int(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  longlong nr= val_int();
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, nr, unsigned_flag, decimal_value);
  return decimal_value;
}


my_decimal *Item::val_decimal_from_string(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  String *res;

  if (!(res= val_str(&str_value)))
    return NULL;

  if (str2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR & ~E_DEC_BAD_NUM,
                     res->ptr(), res->length(), res->charset(),
                     decimal_value) & E_DEC_BAD_NUM)
  {
    ErrConvString err(res);
    push_warning_printf(current_thd, Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                        ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE,
                        ER(ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE), "DECIMAL",
                        err.ptr());
  }
  return decimal_value;
}


my_decimal *Item::val_decimal_from_date(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if (get_date(&ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE))
  {
    my_decimal_set_zero(decimal_value);
    null_value= 1;                               // set NULL, stop processing
    return 0;
  }
  return date2my_decimal(&ltime, decimal_value);
}


my_decimal *Item::val_decimal_from_time(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if (get_time(&ltime))
  {
    my_decimal_set_zero(decimal_value);
    null_value= 1;
    return 0;
  }
  return date2my_decimal(&ltime, decimal_value);
}


longlong Item::val_time_temporal()
{
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if ((null_value= get_time(&ltime)))
    return 0;
  return TIME_to_longlong_time_packed(&ltime);
}


longlong Item::val_date_temporal()
{
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
 longlong flags=  (TIME_FUZZY_DATE | MODE_INVALID_DATES |
                   (current_thd->variables.sql_mode &
                   (MODE_NO_ZERO_IN_DATE | MODE_NO_ZERO_DATE)));
  if ((null_value= get_date(&ltime, flags)))
    return 0;
  return TIME_to_longlong_datetime_packed(&ltime);
}


// TS-TODO: split into separate methods?
longlong Item::val_temporal_with_round(enum_field_types type, uint8 dec)
{
  longlong nr= val_temporal_by_field_type();
  longlong diff= my_time_fraction_remainder(MY_PACKED_TIME_GET_FRAC_PART(nr),
                                            dec);
  longlong abs_diff= diff > 0 ? diff : - diff;
  if (abs_diff * 2 >= (int) log_10_int[DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS - dec])
  {
    /* Needs rounding */
    switch (type)
    {
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
      {
        MYSQL_TIME ltime;
        TIME_from_longlong_time_packed(&ltime, nr);
        return my_time_round(&ltime, dec) ?
               0 : TIME_to_longlong_time_packed(&ltime);
      }
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
      {
        MYSQL_TIME ltime;
        int warnings= 0;
        TIME_from_longlong_datetime_packed(&ltime, nr);
        return my_datetime_round(&ltime, dec, &warnings) ? 
               0 : TIME_to_longlong_datetime_packed(&ltime);
        return nr;
      }
    default:
      DBUG_ASSERT(0);
      break;
    }
  }
  /* Does not need rounding, do simple truncation. */
  nr-= diff;
  return nr;
}


double Item::val_real_from_decimal()
{
  /* Note that fix_fields may not be called for Item_avg_field items */
  double result;
  my_decimal value_buff, *dec_val= val_decimal(&value_buff);
  if (null_value)
    return 0.0;
  my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, dec_val, &result);
  return result;
}


longlong Item::val_int_from_decimal()
{
  /* Note that fix_fields may not be called for Item_avg_field items */
  longlong result;
  my_decimal value, *dec_val= val_decimal(&value);
  if (null_value)
    return 0;
  my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, dec_val, unsigned_flag, &result);
  return result;
}


longlong Item::val_int_from_time()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  return get_time(&ltime) ?
         0LL : (ltime.neg ? -1 : 1) * TIME_to_ulonglong_time_round(&ltime);
}


longlong Item::val_int_from_date()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  return get_date(&ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE) ?
         0LL : (longlong) TIME_to_ulonglong_date(&ltime);
}


longlong Item::val_int_from_datetime()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  return get_date(&ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE) ?
         0LL: (longlong) TIME_to_ulonglong_datetime_round(&ltime);
}


type_conversion_status Item::save_time_in_field(Field *field)
{
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if (get_time(&ltime))
    return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, 0);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store_time(&ltime, decimals);
}


type_conversion_status Item::save_date_in_field(Field *field)
{
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if (get_date(&ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE))
    return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, 0);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store_time(&ltime, decimals);
}


/*
  Store the string value in field directly

  SYNOPSIS
    Item::save_str_value_in_field()
    field   a pointer to field where to store
    result  the pointer to the string value to be stored

  DESCRIPTION
    The method is used by Item_*::save_in_field implementations
    when we don't need to calculate the value to store
    See Item_string::save_in_field() implementation for example

  IMPLEMENTATION
    Check if the Item is null and stores the NULL or the
    result value in the field accordingly.

  RETURN
    Nonzero value if error
*/

type_conversion_status
Item::save_str_value_in_field(Field *field, String *result)
{
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);

  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store(result->ptr(), result->length(), collation.collation);
}


Item::Item():
  is_expensive_cache(-1), rsize(0),
  marker(0), fixed(0),
  collation(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE), with_subselect(false),
  with_stored_program(false), tables_locked_cache(false)
{
  maybe_null=null_value=with_sum_func=unsigned_flag=0;
  decimals= 0; max_length= 0;
  cmp_context= (Item_result)-1;

  /* Put item in free list so that we can free all items at end */
  THD *thd= current_thd;
  next= thd->free_list;
  thd->free_list= this;
  /*
    Item constructor can be called during execution other then SQL_COM
    command => we should check thd->lex->current_select on zero (thd->lex
    can be uninitialised)
  */
  if (thd->lex->current_select)
  {
    enum_parsing_place place= 
      thd->lex->current_select->parsing_place;
    if (place == SELECT_LIST ||
        place == IN_HAVING)
      thd->lex->current_select->select_n_having_items++;
  }
}

Item::Item(THD *thd, Item *item):
  is_expensive_cache(-1),
  rsize(0),
  str_value(item->str_value),
  item_name(item->item_name),
  orig_name(item->orig_name),
  max_length(item->max_length),
  marker(item->marker),
  decimals(item->decimals),
  maybe_null(item->maybe_null),
  null_value(item->null_value),
  unsigned_flag(item->unsigned_flag),
  with_sum_func(item->with_sum_func),
  fixed(item->fixed),
  collation(item->collation),
  cmp_context(item->cmp_context),
  with_subselect(item->has_subquery()),
  with_stored_program(item->with_stored_program),
  tables_locked_cache(item->tables_locked_cache)
{
  next= thd->free_list;                         // Put in free list
  thd->free_list= this;
}


uint Item::decimal_precision() const
{
  Item_result restype= result_type();

  if ((restype == DECIMAL_RESULT) || (restype == INT_RESULT))
  {
    uint prec= 
      my_decimal_length_to_precision(max_char_length(), decimals,
                                     unsigned_flag);
    return min<uint>(prec, DECIMAL_MAX_PRECISION);
  }
  switch (field_type())
  {
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
      return decimals + TIME_INT_DIGITS;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
      return decimals + DATETIME_INT_DIGITS;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
      return decimals + DATE_INT_DIGITS;
    default:
      break;
  }
  return min<uint>(max_char_length(), DECIMAL_MAX_PRECISION);
}


uint Item::time_precision()
{
  if (const_item() && result_type() == STRING_RESULT && !is_temporal())
  {
    MYSQL_TIME ltime;
    String buf, *tmp;
    MYSQL_TIME_STATUS status;
    DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
    // Nanosecond rounding is not needed, for performance purposes
    if ((tmp= val_str(&buf)) &&
        str_to_time(tmp, &ltime, TIME_NO_NSEC_ROUNDING, &status) == 0)
      return MY_MIN(status.fractional_digits, DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS);
  }
  return MY_MIN(decimals, DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS);
}


uint Item::datetime_precision()
{
  if (const_item() && result_type() == STRING_RESULT && !is_temporal())
  {
    MYSQL_TIME ltime;
    String buf, *tmp;
    MYSQL_TIME_STATUS status;
    DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
    // Nanosecond rounding is not needed, for performance purposes
    if ((tmp= val_str(&buf)) &&
        !str_to_datetime(tmp, &ltime, TIME_NO_NSEC_ROUNDING | TIME_FUZZY_DATE,
                         &status))
      return MY_MIN(status.fractional_digits, DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS);
  }
  return MY_MIN(decimals, DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS);
}


void Item::print_item_w_name(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  print(str, query_type);

  if (item_name.is_set())
  {
    THD *thd= current_thd;
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN(" AS "));
    append_identifier(thd, str, item_name);
  }
}


void Item::print_for_order(String *str,
                           enum_query_type query_type,
                           bool used_alias)
{
  if (used_alias)
  {
    DBUG_ASSERT(item_name.is_set());
    // In the clause, user has referenced expression using an alias; we use it
    append_identifier(current_thd, str, item_name);
  }
  else
    print(str,query_type);
}


void Item::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item::cleanup");
  fixed=0;
  marker= 0;
  tables_locked_cache= false;
  if (orig_name.is_set())
    item_name= orig_name;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


bool Item::cleanup_processor(uchar *arg)
{
  if (fixed)
    cleanup();
  return FALSE;
}


void Item::rename(char *new_name)
{
  /*
    we can compare pointers to names here, because if name was not changed,
    pointer will be same
  */
  if (!orig_name.is_set() && new_name != item_name.ptr())
    orig_name= item_name;
  item_name.set(new_name);
}


Item* Item::transform(Item_transformer transformer, uchar *arg)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(!current_thd->stmt_arena->is_stmt_prepare());

  return (this->*transformer)(arg);
}


Item_ident::Item_ident(Name_resolution_context *context_arg,
                       const char *db_name_arg,const char *table_name_arg,
                       const char *field_name_arg)
  :orig_db_name(db_name_arg), orig_table_name(table_name_arg),
   orig_field_name(field_name_arg), context(context_arg),
   db_name(db_name_arg), table_name(table_name_arg),
   field_name(field_name_arg),
   alias_name_used(FALSE), cached_field_index(NO_CACHED_FIELD_INDEX),
   cached_table(0), depended_from(0)
{
  item_name.set(field_name_arg);
}


Item_ident::Item_ident(THD *thd, Item_ident *item)
  :Item(thd, item),
   orig_db_name(item->orig_db_name),
   orig_table_name(item->orig_table_name), 
   orig_field_name(item->orig_field_name),
   context(item->context),
   db_name(item->db_name),
   table_name(item->table_name),
   field_name(item->field_name),
   alias_name_used(item->alias_name_used),
   cached_field_index(item->cached_field_index),
   cached_table(item->cached_table),
   depended_from(item->depended_from)
{}

void Item_ident::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_ident::cleanup");
#ifdef CANT_BE_USED_AS_MEMORY_IS_FREED
                       db_name ? db_name : "(null)",
                       orig_db_name ? orig_db_name : "(null)",
                       table_name ? table_name : "(null)",
                       orig_table_name ? orig_table_name : "(null)",
                       field_name ? field_name : "(null)",
                       orig_field_name ? orig_field_name : "(null)"));
#endif
  Item::cleanup();
  db_name= orig_db_name; 
  table_name= orig_table_name;
  field_name= orig_field_name;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

bool Item_ident::remove_dependence_processor(uchar * arg)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_ident::remove_dependence_processor");
  if (depended_from == (st_select_lex *) arg)
    depended_from= 0;
  context= &((st_select_lex *) arg)->context;
  DBUG_RETURN(0);
}


bool Item_field::collect_item_field_processor(uchar *arg)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_field::collect_item_field_processor");
  DBUG_PRINT("info", ("%s", field->field_name ? field->field_name : "noname"));
  List<Item_field> *item_list= (List<Item_field>*) arg;
  List_iterator<Item_field> item_list_it(*item_list);
  Item_field *curr_item;
  while ((curr_item= item_list_it++))
  {
    if (curr_item->eq(this, 1))
      DBUG_RETURN(FALSE); /* Already in the set. */
  }
  item_list->push_back(this);
  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}


bool Item_field::add_field_to_set_processor(uchar *arg)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_field::add_field_to_set_processor");
  DBUG_PRINT("info", ("%s", field->field_name ? field->field_name : "noname"));
  TABLE *table= (TABLE *) arg;
  if (field->table == table)
    bitmap_set_bit(&table->tmp_set, field->field_index);
  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}


bool Item_field::remove_column_from_bitmap(uchar *argument)
{
  MY_BITMAP *bitmap= reinterpret_cast<MY_BITMAP*>(argument);
  bitmap_clear_bit(bitmap, field->field_index);
  return false;
}

bool Item_field::find_item_in_field_list_processor(uchar *arg)
{
  KEY_PART_INFO *first_non_group_part= *((KEY_PART_INFO **) arg);
  KEY_PART_INFO *last_part= *(((KEY_PART_INFO **) arg) + 1);
  KEY_PART_INFO *cur_part;

  for (cur_part= first_non_group_part; cur_part != last_part; cur_part++)
  {
    if (field->eq(cur_part->field))
      return TRUE;
  }
  return FALSE;
}


/*
  Mark field in read_map

  NOTES
    This is used by filesort to register used fields in a a temporary
    column read set or to register used fields in a view
*/

bool Item_field::register_field_in_read_map(uchar *arg)
{
  TABLE *table= (TABLE *) arg;
  if (field->table == table || !table)
    bitmap_set_bit(field->table->read_set, field->field_index);
  return 0;
}


bool Item::check_cols(uint c)
{
  if (c != 1)
  {
    my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), c);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}


const Name_string null_name_string(NULL, 0);


void Name_string::copy(const char *str, size_t length, const CHARSET_INFO *cs)
{
  if (!length)
  {
    /* Empty string, used by AS or internal function like last_insert_id() */
    set(str ? "" : NULL, 0);
    return;
  }
  if (cs->ctype)
  {
    /*
      This will probably need a better implementation in the future:
      a function in CHARSET_INFO structure.
    */
    while (length && !my_isgraph(cs, *str))
    {                                           // Fix problem with yacc
      length--;
      str++;
    }
  }
  if (!my_charset_same(cs, system_charset_info))
  {
    size_t res_length;
    char *tmp= sql_strmake_with_convert(str, length, cs, MAX_ALIAS_NAME,
                                        system_charset_info, &res_length);
    set(tmp, tmp ? res_length : 0);
  }
  else
  {
    size_t len= min<size_t>(length, MAX_ALIAS_NAME);
    char *tmp= sql_strmake(str, len);
    set(tmp, tmp ? len : 0);
  }
}


void Item_name_string::copy(const char *str_arg, size_t length_arg,
                            const CHARSET_INFO *cs_arg,
                            bool is_autogenerated_arg)
{
  m_is_autogenerated= is_autogenerated_arg;
  copy(str_arg, length_arg, cs_arg);
  if (length_arg > length() && !is_autogenerated())
  {
    ErrConvString tmp(str_arg, static_cast<uint>(length_arg), cs_arg);
    if (length() == 0)
      push_warning_printf(current_thd, Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                          ER_NAME_BECOMES_EMPTY, ER(ER_NAME_BECOMES_EMPTY),
                          tmp.ptr());
    else
      push_warning_printf(current_thd, Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                          ER_REMOVED_SPACES, ER(ER_REMOVED_SPACES),
                          tmp.ptr());
  }
}


bool Item::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  /*
    Note, that this is never TRUE if item is a Item_param:
    for all basic constants we have special checks, and Item_param's
    type() can be only among basic constant types.
  */
  return type() == item->type() && item_name.eq_safe(item->item_name);
}


Item *Item::safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_func_conv_charset *conv= new Item_func_conv_charset(this, tocs, 1);
  return conv->safe ? conv : NULL;
}


Item *Item_num::safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  /*
    Item_num returns pure ASCII result,
    so conversion is needed only in case of "tricky" character
    sets like UCS2. If tocs is not "tricky", return the item itself.
  */
  if (!(tocs->state & MY_CS_NONASCII))
    return this;
  
  Item_string *conv;
  uint conv_errors;
  char buf[64], buf2[64];
  String tmp(buf, sizeof(buf), &my_charset_bin);
  String cstr(buf2, sizeof(buf2), &my_charset_bin);
  String *ostr= val_str(&tmp);
  char *ptr;
  cstr.copy(ostr->ptr(), ostr->length(), ostr->charset(), tocs, &conv_errors);
  if (conv_errors || !(conv= new Item_string(cstr.ptr(), cstr.length(),
                                             cstr.charset(),
                                             collation.derivation)))
  {
    /*
      Safe conversion is not possible (or EOM).
      We could not convert a string into the requested character set
      without data loss. The target charset does not cover all the
      characters from the string. Operation cannot be done correctly.
    */
    return NULL;
  }
  if (!(ptr= current_thd->strmake(cstr.ptr(), cstr.length())))
    return NULL;
  conv->str_value.set(ptr, cstr.length(), cstr.charset());
  /* Ensure that no one is going to change the result string */
  conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  conv->fix_char_length(max_char_length());
  return conv;
}


Item *Item_static_float_func::safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  char buf[64];
  String *s, tmp(buf, sizeof(buf), &my_charset_bin);
  s= val_str(&tmp);
  if ((conv= new Item_static_string_func(func_name, s->ptr(), s->length(),
                                         s->charset())))
  {
    conv->str_value.copy();
    conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  }
  return conv;
}


Item *Item_string::safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  return charset_converter(tocs, true);
}


Item *Item_string::charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs, bool lossless)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  uint conv_errors;
  char *ptr;
  String tmp, cstr, *ostr= val_str(&tmp);
  cstr.copy(ostr->ptr(), ostr->length(), ostr->charset(), tocs, &conv_errors);
  conv_errors= lossless && conv_errors;
  if (conv_errors || !(conv= new Item_string(cstr.ptr(), cstr.length(),
                                             cstr.charset(),
                                             collation.derivation)))
  {
    /*
      Safe conversion is not possible (or EOM).
      We could not convert a string into the requested character set
      without data loss. The target charset does not cover all the
      characters from the string. Operation cannot be done correctly.
    */
    return NULL;
  }
  if (!(ptr= current_thd->strmake(cstr.ptr(), cstr.length())))
    return NULL;
  conv->str_value.set(ptr, cstr.length(), cstr.charset());
  /* Ensure that no one is going to change the result string */
  conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  return conv;
}


Item *Item_param::safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  if (const_item())
  {
    uint cnv_errors;
    String *ostr= val_str(&cnvstr);
    cnvitem->str_value.copy(ostr->ptr(), ostr->length(),
                            ostr->charset(), tocs, &cnv_errors);
    if (cnv_errors)
       return NULL;
    cnvitem->str_value.mark_as_const();
    cnvitem->max_length= cnvitem->str_value.numchars() * tocs->mbmaxlen;
    return cnvitem;
  }
  return Item::safe_charset_converter(tocs);
}


Item *Item_static_string_func::
safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  uint conv_errors;
  String tmp, cstr, *ostr= val_str(&tmp);
  cstr.copy(ostr->ptr(), ostr->length(), ostr->charset(), tocs, &conv_errors);
  if (conv_errors ||
      !(conv= new Item_static_string_func(func_name,
                                          cstr.ptr(), cstr.length(),
                                          cstr.charset(),
                                          collation.derivation)))
  {
    /*
      Safe conversion is not possible (or EOM).
      We could not convert a string into the requested character set
      without data loss. The target charset does not cover all the
      characters from the string. Operation cannot be done correctly.
    */
    return NULL;
  }
  conv->str_value.copy();
  /* Ensure that no one is going to change the result string */
  conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  return conv;
}


bool Item_string::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (type() == item->type() && item->basic_const_item())
  {
    if (binary_cmp)
      return !stringcmp(&str_value, &item->str_value);
    return (collation.collation == item->collation.collation &&
            !sortcmp(&str_value, &item->str_value, collation.collation));
  }
  return 0;
}


bool Item::get_date_from_string(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint flags)
{
  char buff[MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH];
  String tmp(buff, sizeof(buff), &my_charset_bin), *res;
  if (!(res= val_str(&tmp)))
  {
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATETIME);
    return true;
  }
  return str_to_datetime_with_warn(res, ltime, flags);
}


bool Item::get_date_from_real(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint flags)
{
  double value= val_real();
  if (null_value)
  {
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATETIME);
    return true;
  }
  return my_double_to_datetime_with_warn(value, ltime, flags);

}


bool Item::get_date_from_decimal(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint flags)
{
  my_decimal buf, *decimal= val_decimal(&buf);
  if (null_value)
  {
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATETIME);
    return true;
  }
  return my_decimal_to_datetime_with_warn(decimal, ltime, flags);
}


bool Item::get_date_from_int(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint flags)
{
  longlong value= val_int();
  if (null_value)
  {
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATETIME);
    return true;
  }
  return my_longlong_to_datetime_with_warn(value, ltime, flags);
}


bool Item::get_date_from_time(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
   MYSQL_TIME tm;
   if (get_time(&tm))
   {
     DBUG_ASSERT(null_value);
     return true;
   }
   time_to_datetime(current_thd, &tm, ltime);
   return false;
}


bool Item::get_date_from_numeric(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint fuzzydate)
{
  switch (result_type())
  {
  case REAL_RESULT:
    return get_date_from_real(ltime, fuzzydate);
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    return get_date_from_decimal(ltime, fuzzydate);
  case INT_RESULT:
    return get_date_from_int(ltime, fuzzydate);
  case STRING_RESULT:
  case ROW_RESULT:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return (null_value= true);  // Impossible result_type
}


bool Item::get_date_from_non_temporal(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint fuzzydate)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(!is_temporal());
  switch (result_type())
  {
  case STRING_RESULT:
    return get_date_from_string(ltime, fuzzydate);
  case REAL_RESULT:
    return get_date_from_real(ltime, fuzzydate);
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    return get_date_from_decimal(ltime, fuzzydate);
  case INT_RESULT:
    return get_date_from_int(ltime, fuzzydate);
  case ROW_RESULT:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return (null_value= true);  // Impossible result_type
}


bool Item::get_time_from_string(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  char buff[MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH];
  String tmp(buff, sizeof(buff), &my_charset_bin), *res;
  if (!(res= val_str(&tmp)))
  {
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME);
    return true;
  }
  return str_to_time_with_warn(res, ltime);
}


bool Item::get_time_from_real(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  double value= val_real();
  if (null_value)
  {
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME);
    return true;
  }
  return my_double_to_time_with_warn(value, ltime);
}
 

bool Item::get_time_from_decimal(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  my_decimal buf, *decimal= val_decimal(&buf);
  if (null_value)
  {
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME);
    return true;
  }
  return my_decimal_to_time_with_warn(decimal, ltime);
}


bool Item::get_time_from_int(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(!is_temporal());
  longlong value= val_int();
  if (null_value)
  {
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME);
    return true;
  }
  return my_longlong_to_time_with_warn(value, ltime);
}


bool Item::get_time_from_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (get_date(ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE)) // Need this check if NULL value
    return true;
  set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME);
  return false;
}


bool Item::get_time_from_datetime(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (get_date(ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE))
    return true;
  datetime_to_time(ltime);
  return false;
}


bool Item::get_time_from_numeric(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(!is_temporal());
  switch (result_type())
  {
  case REAL_RESULT:
    return get_time_from_real(ltime);
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    return get_time_from_decimal(ltime);
  case INT_RESULT:
    return get_time_from_int(ltime);
  case STRING_RESULT:
  case ROW_RESULT:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return (null_value= true); // Impossible result type
}
 



bool Item::get_time_from_non_temporal(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(!is_temporal());
  switch (result_type())
  {
  case STRING_RESULT:
    return get_time_from_string(ltime);
  case REAL_RESULT:
    return get_time_from_real(ltime);
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    return get_time_from_decimal(ltime);
  case INT_RESULT:
    return get_time_from_int(ltime);
  case ROW_RESULT:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return (null_value= true); // Impossible result type
}


/*
- Return NULL if argument is NULL.
- Return zero if argument is not NULL, but we could not convert it to DATETIME.
- Return zero if argument is not NULL and represents a valid DATETIME value,
  but the value is out of the supported Unix timestamp range.
*/
bool Item::get_timeval(struct timeval *tm, int *warnings)
{
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  if (get_date(&ltime, TIME_FUZZY_DATE))
  {
    if (null_value)
      return true; /* Value is NULL */
    goto zero; /* Could not extract date from the value */
  }
  if (datetime_to_timeval(current_thd, &ltime, tm, warnings))
    goto zero; /* Value is out of the supported range */
  return false; /* Value is a good Unix timestamp */
zero:
  tm->tv_sec= tm->tv_usec= 0;
  return false;
}


const CHARSET_INFO *Item::default_charset()
{
  return current_thd->variables.collation_connection;
}


/*
  Save value in field, but don't give any warnings

  NOTES
   This is used to temporary store and retrieve a value in a column,
   for example in opt_range to adjust the key value to fit the column.
*/

type_conversion_status
Item::save_in_field_no_warnings(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item::save_in_field_no_warnings");
  TABLE *table= field->table;
  THD *thd= table->in_use;
  enum_check_fields tmp= thd->count_cuted_fields;
  my_bitmap_map *old_map= dbug_tmp_use_all_columns(table, table->write_set);
  sql_mode_t sql_mode= thd->variables.sql_mode;
  thd->variables.sql_mode&= ~(MODE_NO_ZERO_IN_DATE | MODE_NO_ZERO_DATE);
  thd->count_cuted_fields= CHECK_FIELD_IGNORE;

  const type_conversion_status res= save_in_field(field, no_conversions);

  thd->count_cuted_fields= tmp;
  dbug_tmp_restore_column_map(table->write_set, old_map);
  thd->variables.sql_mode= sql_mode;
  DBUG_RETURN(res);
}


bool Item::is_blob_field() const
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);

  enum_field_types type= field_type();
  return (type == MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB || type == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY ||
          max_length > CONVERT_IF_BIGGER_TO_BLOB);
}


/*****************************************************************************
  Item_sp_variable methods
*****************************************************************************/

Item_sp_variable::Item_sp_variable(const Name_string sp_var_name)
  :m_thd(0), m_name(sp_var_name)
#ifndef DBUG_OFF
   , m_sp(0)
#endif
{
}


bool Item_sp_variable::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **)
{
  Item *it;

  m_thd= thd; /* NOTE: this must be set before any this_xxx() */
  it= this_item();

  DBUG_ASSERT(it->fixed);

  max_length= it->max_length;
  decimals= it->decimals;
  unsigned_flag= it->unsigned_flag;
  fixed= 1;
  collation.set(it->collation);

  return FALSE;
}


double Item_sp_variable::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  double ret= it->val_real();
  null_value= it->null_value;
  return ret;
}


longlong Item_sp_variable::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  longlong ret= it->val_int();
  null_value= it->null_value;
  return ret;
}


String *Item_sp_variable::val_str(String *sp)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  String *res= it->val_str(sp);

  null_value= it->null_value;

  if (!res)
    return NULL;

  /*
    This way we mark returned value of val_str as const,
    so that various functions (e.g. CONCAT) won't try to
    modify the value of the Item. Analogous mechanism is
    implemented for Item_param.
    Without this trick Item_splocal could be changed as a
    side-effect of expression computation. Here is an example
    of what happens without it: suppose x is varchar local
    variable in a SP with initial value 'ab' Then
      select concat(x,'c');
    would change x's value to 'abc', as Item_func_concat::val_str()
    would use x's internal buffer to compute the result.
    This is intended behaviour of Item_func_concat. Comments to
    Item_param class contain some more details on the topic.
  */

  if (res != &str_value)
    str_value.set(res->ptr(), res->length(), res->charset());
  else
    res->mark_as_const();

  return &str_value;
}


my_decimal *Item_sp_variable::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  my_decimal *val= it->val_decimal(decimal_value);
  null_value= it->null_value;
  return val;
}


bool Item_sp_variable::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint fuzzydate)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  return (null_value= it->get_date(ltime, fuzzydate));
}


bool Item_sp_variable::get_time(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  Item *it= this_item();
  return (null_value= it->get_time(ltime));
}


bool Item_sp_variable::is_null()
{
  return this_item()->is_null();
}


/*****************************************************************************
  Item_splocal methods
*****************************************************************************/

Item_splocal::Item_splocal(const Name_string sp_var_name,
                           uint sp_var_idx,
                           enum_field_types sp_var_type,
                           uint pos_in_q, uint len_in_q)
  :Item_sp_variable(sp_var_name),
   m_var_idx(sp_var_idx),
   limit_clause_param(FALSE),
   pos_in_query(pos_in_q), len_in_query(len_in_q)
{
  maybe_null= TRUE;

  sp_var_type= real_type_to_type(sp_var_type);
  m_type= sp_map_item_type(sp_var_type);
  m_field_type= sp_var_type;
  m_result_type= sp_map_result_type(sp_var_type);
}


Item *
Item_splocal::this_item()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == m_thd->sp_runtime_ctx->sp);

  return m_thd->sp_runtime_ctx->get_item(m_var_idx);
}

const Item *
Item_splocal::this_item() const
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == m_thd->sp_runtime_ctx->sp);

  return m_thd->sp_runtime_ctx->get_item(m_var_idx);
}


Item **
Item_splocal::this_item_addr(THD *thd, Item **)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == thd->sp_runtime_ctx->sp);

  return thd->sp_runtime_ctx->get_item_addr(m_var_idx);
}


void Item_splocal::print(String *str, enum_query_type)
{
  str->reserve(m_name.length() + 8);
  str->append(m_name);
  str->append('@');
  str->qs_append(m_var_idx);
}


bool Item_splocal::set_value(THD *thd, sp_rcontext *ctx, Item **it)
{
  return ctx->set_variable(thd, get_var_idx(), it);
}


/*****************************************************************************
  Item_case_expr methods
*****************************************************************************/

Item_case_expr::Item_case_expr(uint case_expr_id)
  :Item_sp_variable(Name_string(C_STRING_WITH_LEN("case_expr"))),
   m_case_expr_id(case_expr_id)
{
}


Item *
Item_case_expr::this_item()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == m_thd->sp_runtime_ctx->sp);

  return m_thd->sp_runtime_ctx->get_case_expr(m_case_expr_id);
}



const Item *
Item_case_expr::this_item() const
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == m_thd->sp_runtime_ctx->sp);

  return m_thd->sp_runtime_ctx->get_case_expr(m_case_expr_id);
}


Item **
Item_case_expr::this_item_addr(THD *thd, Item **)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(m_sp == thd->sp_runtime_ctx->sp);

  return thd->sp_runtime_ctx->get_case_expr_addr(m_case_expr_id);
}


void Item_case_expr::print(String *str, enum_query_type)
{
  if (str->reserve(MAX_INT_WIDTH + sizeof("case_expr@")))
    return;                                    /* purecov: inspected */
  (void) str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("case_expr@"));
  str->qs_append(m_case_expr_id);
}


/*****************************************************************************
  Item_name_const methods
*****************************************************************************/

double Item_name_const::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  double ret= value_item->val_real();
  null_value= value_item->null_value;
  return ret;
}


longlong Item_name_const::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  longlong ret= value_item->val_int();
  null_value= value_item->null_value;
  return ret;
}


String *Item_name_const::val_str(String *sp)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  String *ret= value_item->val_str(sp);
  null_value= value_item->null_value;
  return ret;
}


my_decimal *Item_name_const::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  my_decimal *val= value_item->val_decimal(decimal_value);
  null_value= value_item->null_value;
  return val;
}


bool Item_name_const::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint fuzzydate)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  return (null_value= value_item->get_date(ltime, fuzzydate));
}


bool Item_name_const::get_time(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  return (null_value= value_item->get_time(ltime));
}


bool Item_name_const::is_null()
{
  return value_item->is_null();
}


Item_name_const::Item_name_const(Item *name_arg, Item *val):
    value_item(val), name_item(name_arg)
{
  /*
    The value argument to NAME_CONST can only be a literal 
    constant.   Some extra tests are needed to support
    a collation specificer and to handle negative values
  */
    
  if (!(valid_args= name_item->basic_const_item() &&
                    (value_item->basic_const_item() ||
                     ((value_item->type() == FUNC_ITEM) &&
                      ((((Item_func *) value_item)->functype() ==
                         Item_func::COLLATE_FUNC) ||
                      ((((Item_func *) value_item)->functype() ==
                         Item_func::NEG_FUNC) &&
                      (((Item_func *) value_item)->key_item()->basic_const_item())))))))
    my_error(ER_WRONG_ARGUMENTS, MYF(0), "NAME_CONST");
  Item::maybe_null= TRUE;
}


Item::Type Item_name_const::type() const
{
  /*
    As 
    1. one can try to create the Item_name_const passing non-constant 
    arguments, although it's incorrect and 
    2. the type() method can be called before the fix_fields() to get
    type information for a further type cast, e.g. 
    if (item->type() == FIELD_ITEM) 
      ((Item_field *) item)->... 
    we return NULL_ITEM in the case to avoid wrong casting.

    valid_args guarantees value_item->basic_const_item(); if type is
    FUNC_ITEM, then we have a fudged item_func_neg() on our hands
    and return the underlying type.
    For Item_func_set_collation()
    e.g. NAME_CONST('name', 'value' COLLATE collation) we return its
    'value' argument type. 
  */
  if (!valid_args)
    return NULL_ITEM;
  Item::Type value_type= value_item->type();
  if (value_type == FUNC_ITEM)
  {
    /* 
      The second argument of NAME_CONST('name', 'value') must be 
      a simple constant item or a NEG_FUNC/COLLATE_FUNC.
    */
    DBUG_ASSERT(((Item_func *) value_item)->functype() == 
                Item_func::NEG_FUNC ||
                ((Item_func *) value_item)->functype() == 
                Item_func::COLLATE_FUNC);
    return ((Item_func *) value_item)->key_item()->type();            
  }
  return value_type;
}


bool Item_name_const::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **ref)
{
  char buf[128];
  String *tmp;
  String s(buf, sizeof(buf), &my_charset_bin);
  s.length(0);

  if (value_item->fix_fields(thd, &value_item) ||
      name_item->fix_fields(thd, &name_item) ||
      !value_item->const_item() ||
      !name_item->const_item() ||
      !(tmp= name_item->val_str(&s))) // Can't have a NULL name 
  {
    my_error(ER_RESERVED_SYNTAX, MYF(0), "NAME_CONST");
    return TRUE;
  }
  if (item_name.is_autogenerated())
  {
    item_name.copy(tmp->ptr(), (uint) tmp->length(), system_charset_info);
  }
  collation.set(value_item->collation.collation, DERIVATION_IMPLICIT,
                value_item->collation.repertoire);
  max_length= value_item->max_length;
  decimals= value_item->decimals;
  fixed= 1;
  return FALSE;
}


void Item_name_const::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("NAME_CONST("));
  name_item->print(str, query_type);
  str->append(',');
  value_item->print(str, query_type);
  str->append(')');
}


/*
 need a special class to adjust printing : references to aggregate functions 
 must not be printed as refs because the aggregate functions that are added to
 the front of select list are not printed as well.
*/
class Item_aggregate_ref : public Item_ref
{
public:
  Item_aggregate_ref(Name_resolution_context *context_arg, Item **item,
                  const char *table_name_arg, const char *field_name_arg)
    :Item_ref(context_arg, item, table_name_arg, field_name_arg) {}

  virtual inline void print (String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
  {
    if (ref)
      (*ref)->print(str, query_type);
    else
      Item_ident::print(str, query_type);
  }
  virtual Ref_Type ref_type() { return AGGREGATE_REF; }
};


void Item::split_sum_func2(THD *thd, Ref_ptr_array ref_pointer_array,
                           List<Item> &fields, Item **ref, 
                           bool skip_registered)
{
  /* An item of type Item_sum  is registered <=> ref_by != 0 */ 
  if (type() == SUM_FUNC_ITEM && skip_registered && 
      ((Item_sum *) this)->ref_by)
    return;                                                 
  if ((type() != SUM_FUNC_ITEM && with_sum_func) ||
      (type() == FUNC_ITEM &&
       (((Item_func *) this)->functype() == Item_func::ISNOTNULLTEST_FUNC ||
        ((Item_func *) this)->functype() == Item_func::TRIG_COND_FUNC)))
  {
    /* Will split complicated items and ignore simple ones */
    split_sum_func(thd, ref_pointer_array, fields);
  }
  else if ((type() == SUM_FUNC_ITEM || (used_tables() & ~PARAM_TABLE_BIT)) &&
           type() != SUBSELECT_ITEM &&
           (type() != REF_ITEM ||
           ((Item_ref*)this)->ref_type() == Item_ref::VIEW_REF))
  {
    /*
      Replace item with a reference so that we can easily calculate
      it (in case of sum functions) or copy it (in case of fields)

      The test above is to ensure we don't do a reference for things
      that are constants (PARAM_TABLE_BIT is in effect a constant)
      or already referenced (for example an item in HAVING)
      Exception is Item_direct_view_ref which we need to convert to
      Item_ref to allow fields from view being stored in tmp table.
    */
    Item_aggregate_ref *item_ref;
    uint el= fields.elements;
    Item *real_itm= real_item();

    ref_pointer_array[el]= real_itm;
    if (!(item_ref= new Item_aggregate_ref(&thd->lex->current_select->context,
                                           &ref_pointer_array[el], 0,
                                           item_name.ptr())))
      return;                                   // fatal_error is set
    if (type() == SUM_FUNC_ITEM)
      item_ref->depended_from= ((Item_sum *) this)->depended_from(); 
    fields.push_front(real_itm);
    thd->change_item_tree(ref, item_ref);
  }
}


static bool
left_is_superset(DTCollation *left, DTCollation *right)
{
  /* Allow convert to Unicode */
  if (left->collation->state & MY_CS_UNICODE &&
      (left->derivation < right->derivation ||
       (left->derivation == right->derivation &&
        (!(right->collation->state & MY_CS_UNICODE) ||
         /* The code below makes 4-byte utf8 a superset over 3-byte utf8 */
         (left->collation->state & MY_CS_UNICODE_SUPPLEMENT &&
          !(right->collation->state & MY_CS_UNICODE_SUPPLEMENT) &&
          left->collation->mbmaxlen > right->collation->mbmaxlen &&
          left->collation->mbminlen == right->collation->mbminlen)))))
    return TRUE;
  /* Allow convert from ASCII */
  if (right->repertoire == MY_REPERTOIRE_ASCII &&
      (left->derivation < right->derivation ||
       (left->derivation == right->derivation &&
        !(left->repertoire == MY_REPERTOIRE_ASCII))))
    return TRUE;
  /* Disallow conversion otherwise */
  return FALSE;
}

bool DTCollation::aggregate(DTCollation &dt, uint flags)
{
  if (!my_charset_same(collation, dt.collation))
  {
    /* 
       We do allow to use binary strings (like BLOBS)
       together with character strings.
       Binaries have more precedence than a character
       string of the same derivation.
    */
    if (collation == &my_charset_bin)
    {
      if (derivation <= dt.derivation)
        ; // Do nothing
      else
      {
        set(dt); 
      }
    }
    else if (dt.collation == &my_charset_bin)
    {
      if (dt.derivation <= derivation)
      {
        set(dt);
      }
    }
    else if ((flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_SUPERSET_CONV) &&
             left_is_superset(this, &dt))
    {
      // Do nothing
    }
    else if ((flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_SUPERSET_CONV) &&
             left_is_superset(&dt, this))
    {
      set(dt);
    }
    else if ((flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_COERCIBLE_CONV) &&
             derivation < dt.derivation &&
             dt.derivation >= DERIVATION_SYSCONST)
    {
      // Do nothing;
    }
    else if ((flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_COERCIBLE_CONV) &&
             dt.derivation < derivation &&
             derivation >= DERIVATION_SYSCONST)
    {
      set(dt);
    }
    else
    {
      // Cannot apply conversion
      set(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_NONE,
          (dt.repertoire|repertoire));
      return 1;
    }
  }
  else if (derivation < dt.derivation)
  {
    // Do nothing
  }
  else if (dt.derivation < derivation)
  {
    set(dt);
  }
  else
  { 
    if (collation == dt.collation)
    {
      // Do nothing
    }
    else 
    {
      if (derivation == DERIVATION_EXPLICIT)
      {
        set(0, DERIVATION_NONE, 0);
        return 1;
      }
      if (collation->state & MY_CS_BINSORT)
        return 0;
      if (dt.collation->state & MY_CS_BINSORT)
      {
        set(dt);
        return 0;
      }
      const CHARSET_INFO *bin= get_charset_by_csname(collation->csname,
                                                     MY_CS_BINSORT,MYF(0));
      set(bin, DERIVATION_NONE);
    }
  }
  repertoire|= dt.repertoire;
  return 0;
}

/******************************/
static
void my_coll_agg_error(DTCollation &c1, DTCollation &c2, const char *fname)
{
  my_error(ER_CANT_AGGREGATE_2COLLATIONS,MYF(0),
           c1.collation->name,c1.derivation_name(),
           c2.collation->name,c2.derivation_name(),
           fname);
}


static
void my_coll_agg_error(DTCollation &c1, DTCollation &c2, DTCollation &c3,
                       const char *fname)
{
  my_error(ER_CANT_AGGREGATE_3COLLATIONS,MYF(0),
           c1.collation->name,c1.derivation_name(),
           c2.collation->name,c2.derivation_name(),
           c3.collation->name,c3.derivation_name(),
           fname);
}


static
void my_coll_agg_error(Item** args, uint count, const char *fname,
                       int item_sep)
{
  if (count == 2)
    my_coll_agg_error(args[0]->collation, args[item_sep]->collation, fname);
  else if (count == 3)
    my_coll_agg_error(args[0]->collation, args[item_sep]->collation,
                      args[2*item_sep]->collation, fname);
  else
    my_error(ER_CANT_AGGREGATE_NCOLLATIONS,MYF(0),fname);
}


bool agg_item_collations(DTCollation &c, const char *fname,
                         Item **av, uint count, uint flags, int item_sep)
{
  uint i;
  Item **arg;
  bool unknown_cs= 0;

  c.set(av[0]->collation);
  for (i= 1, arg= &av[item_sep]; i < count; i++, arg++)
  {
    if (c.aggregate((*arg)->collation, flags))
    {
      if (c.derivation == DERIVATION_NONE &&
          c.collation == &my_charset_bin)
      {
        unknown_cs= 1;
        continue;
      }
      my_coll_agg_error(av, count, fname, item_sep);
      return TRUE;
    }
  }

  if (unknown_cs &&
      c.derivation != DERIVATION_EXPLICIT)
  {
    my_coll_agg_error(av, count, fname, item_sep);
    return TRUE;
  }

  if ((flags & MY_COLL_DISALLOW_NONE) &&
      c.derivation == DERIVATION_NONE)
  {
    my_coll_agg_error(av, count, fname, item_sep);
    return TRUE;
  }
  
  /* If all arguments where numbers, reset to @@collation_connection */
  if (flags & MY_COLL_ALLOW_NUMERIC_CONV &&
      c.derivation == DERIVATION_NUMERIC)
    c.set(Item::default_charset(), DERIVATION_COERCIBLE, MY_REPERTOIRE_NUMERIC);

  return FALSE;
}


bool agg_item_collations_for_comparison(DTCollation &c, const char *fname,
                                        Item **av, uint count, uint flags)
{
  return (agg_item_collations(c, fname, av, count,
                              flags | MY_COLL_DISALLOW_NONE, 1));
}


bool agg_item_set_converter(DTCollation &coll, const char *fname,
                            Item **args, uint nargs, uint flags, int item_sep)
{
  Item **arg, *safe_args[2]= {NULL, NULL};

  /*
    For better error reporting: save the first and the second argument.
    We need this only if the the number of args is 3 or 2:
    - for a longer argument list, "Illegal mix of collations"
      doesn't display each argument's characteristics.
    - if nargs is 1, then this error cannot happen.
  */
  if (nargs >=2 && nargs <= 3)
  {
    safe_args[0]= args[0];
    safe_args[1]= args[item_sep];
  }

  THD *thd= current_thd;
  bool res= FALSE;
  uint i;

  /*
    In case we're in statement prepare, create conversion item
    in its memory: it will be reused on each execute.
  */
  Prepared_stmt_arena_holder ps_arena_holder(
    thd, thd->stmt_arena->is_stmt_prepare());

  for (i= 0, arg= args; i < nargs; i++, arg+= item_sep)
  {
    Item* conv;
    uint32 dummy_offset;
    if (!String::needs_conversion(1, (*arg)->collation.collation,
                                  coll.collation,
                                  &dummy_offset))
      continue;

    /*
      No needs to add converter if an "arg" is NUMERIC or DATETIME
      value (which is pure ASCII) and at the same time target DTCollation
      is ASCII-compatible. For example, no needs to rewrite:
        SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE datetime_field = '2010-01-01';
      to
        SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE CONVERT(datetime_field USING cs) = '2010-01-01';
      
      TODO: avoid conversion of any values with
      repertoire ASCII and 7bit-ASCII-compatible,
      not only numeric/datetime origin.
    */
    if ((*arg)->collation.derivation == DERIVATION_NUMERIC &&
        (*arg)->collation.repertoire == MY_REPERTOIRE_ASCII &&
        !((*arg)->collation.collation->state & MY_CS_NONASCII) &&
        !(coll.collation->state & MY_CS_NONASCII))
      continue;

    if (!(conv= (*arg)->safe_charset_converter(coll.collation)) &&
        ((*arg)->collation.repertoire == MY_REPERTOIRE_ASCII))
      conv= new Item_func_conv_charset(*arg, coll.collation, 1);

    if (!conv)
    {
      if (nargs >=2 && nargs <= 3)
      {
        /* restore the original arguments for better error message */
        args[0]= safe_args[0];
        args[item_sep]= safe_args[1];
      }
      my_coll_agg_error(args, nargs, fname, item_sep);
      res= TRUE;
      break; // we cannot return here, we need to restore "arena".
    }
    if ((*arg)->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
      ((Item_field *)(*arg))->no_const_subst= 1;
    /*
      If in statement prepare, then we create a converter for two
      constant items, do it once and then reuse it.
      If we're in execution of a prepared statement, arena is NULL,
      and the conv was created in runtime memory. This can be
      the case only if the argument is a parameter marker ('?'),
      because for all true constants the charset converter has already
      been created in prepare. In this case register the change for
      rollback.
    */
    if (thd->stmt_arena->is_stmt_prepare())
      *arg= conv;
    else
      thd->change_item_tree(arg, conv);

    if (conv->fix_fields(thd, arg))
    {
      res= TRUE;
      break; // we cannot return here, we need to restore "arena".
    }
  }

  return res;
}


/* 
  Collect arguments' character sets together.
  We allow to apply automatic character set conversion in some cases.
  The conditions when conversion is possible are:
  - arguments A and B have different charsets
  - A wins according to coercibility rules
    (i.e. a column is stronger than a string constant,
     an explicit COLLATE clause is stronger than a column)
  - character set of A is either superset for character set of B,
    or B is a string constant which can be converted into the
    character set of A without data loss.
    
  If all of the above is true, then it's possible to convert
  B into the character set of A, and then compare according
  to the collation of A.
  
  For functions with more than two arguments:

    collect(A,B,C) ::= collect(collect(A,B),C)

  Since this function calls THD::change_item_tree() on the passed Item **
  pointers, it is necessary to pass the original Item **'s, not copies.
  Otherwise their values will not be properly restored (see BUG#20769).
  If the items are not consecutive (eg. args[2] and args[5]), use the
  item_sep argument, ie.

    agg_item_charsets(coll, fname, &args[2], 2, flags, 3)

*/

bool agg_item_charsets(DTCollation &coll, const char *fname,
                       Item **args, uint nargs, uint flags, int item_sep)
{
  if (agg_item_collations(coll, fname, args, nargs, flags, item_sep))
    return TRUE;

  return agg_item_set_converter(coll, fname, args, nargs, flags, item_sep);
}


void Item_ident_for_show::make_field(Send_field *tmp_field)
{
  tmp_field->table_name= tmp_field->org_table_name= table_name;
  tmp_field->db_name= db_name;
  tmp_field->col_name= tmp_field->org_col_name= field->field_name;
  tmp_field->charsetnr= field->charset()->number;
  tmp_field->length=field->field_length;
  tmp_field->type=field->type();
  tmp_field->flags= field->table->maybe_null ? 
    (field->flags & ~NOT_NULL_FLAG) : field->flags;
  tmp_field->decimals= field->decimals();
}

/**********************************************/

Item_field::Item_field(Field *f)
  :Item_ident(0, NullS, *f->table_name, f->field_name),
   item_equal(0), no_const_subst(0),
   have_privileges(0), any_privileges(0)
{
  set_field(f);
  /*
    field_name and table_name should not point to garbage
    if this item is to be reused
  */
  orig_table_name= orig_field_name= "";
}


Item_field::Item_field(THD *thd, Name_resolution_context *context_arg,
                       Field *f)
  :Item_ident(context_arg, f->table->s->db.str, *f->table_name, f->field_name),
   item_equal(0), no_const_subst(0),
   have_privileges(0), any_privileges(0)
{
  /*
    We always need to provide Item_field with a fully qualified field
    name to avoid ambiguity when executing prepared statements like
    SELECT * from d1.t1, d2.t1; (assuming d1.t1 and d2.t1 have columns
    with same names).
    This is because prepared statements never deal with wildcards in
    select list ('*') and always fix fields using fully specified path
    (i.e. db.table.column).
    No check for OOM: if db_name is NULL, we'll just get
    "Field not found" error.
    We need to copy db_name, table_name and field_name because they must
    be allocated in the statement memory, not in table memory (the table
    structure can go away and pop up again between subsequent executions
    of a prepared statement or after the close_tables_for_reopen() call
    in mysql_multi_update_prepare() or due to wildcard expansion in stored
    procedures).
  */
  {
    if (db_name)
      orig_db_name= thd->strdup(db_name);
    if (table_name)
      orig_table_name= thd->strdup(table_name);
    if (field_name)
      orig_field_name= thd->strdup(field_name);
    /*
      We don't restore 'name' in cleanup because it's not changed
      during execution. Still we need it to point to persistent
      memory if this item is to be reused.
    */
    item_name.set(orig_field_name);
  }
  set_field(f);
}


Item_field::Item_field(Name_resolution_context *context_arg,
                       const char *db_arg,const char *table_name_arg,
                       const char *field_name_arg)
  :Item_ident(context_arg, db_arg,table_name_arg,field_name_arg),
   field(0), result_field(0), item_equal(0), no_const_subst(0),
   have_privileges(0), any_privileges(0)
{
  SELECT_LEX *select= current_thd->lex->current_select;
  collation.set(DERIVATION_IMPLICIT);
  if (select && select->parsing_place != IN_HAVING)
      select->select_n_where_fields++;
}

Item_field::Item_field(THD *thd, Item_field *item)
  :Item_ident(thd, item),
   field(item->field),
   result_field(item->result_field),
   item_equal(item->item_equal),
   no_const_subst(item->no_const_subst),
   have_privileges(item->have_privileges),
   any_privileges(item->any_privileges)
{
  collation.set(DERIVATION_IMPLICIT);
}


inline static uint32
adjust_max_effective_column_length(Field *field_par, uint32 max_length)
{
  uint32 new_max_length= field_par->max_display_length();
  uint32 sign_length= (field_par->flags & UNSIGNED_FLAG) ? 0 : 1;

  switch (field_par->type())
  {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_INT24:
    /*
      Compensate for MAX_MEDIUMINT_WIDTH being 1 too long (8)
      compared to the actual number of digits that can fit into
      the column.
    */
    new_max_length+= 1;
    /* fall through */
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT:

    /* Take out the sign and add a conditional sign */
    new_max_length= new_max_length - 1 + sign_length;
    break;

  /* BINGINT is always 20 no matter the sign */
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG:
  /* make gcc happy */
  default:
    break;
  }

  /* Adjust only if the actual precision based one is bigger than specified */
  return new_max_length > max_length ? new_max_length : max_length;
}


void Item_field::set_field(Field *field_par)
{
  field=result_field=field_par;                 // for easy coding with fields
  maybe_null=field->maybe_null();
  decimals= field->decimals();
  table_name= *field_par->table_name;
  field_name= field_par->field_name;
  db_name= field_par->table->s->db.str;
  alias_name_used= field_par->table->alias_name_used;
  unsigned_flag=test(field_par->flags & UNSIGNED_FLAG);
  collation.set(field_par->charset(), field_par->derivation(),
                field_par->repertoire());
  fix_char_length(field_par->char_length());

  max_length= adjust_max_effective_column_length(field_par, max_length);

  fixed= 1;
  if (field->table->s->tmp_table == SYSTEM_TMP_TABLE)
    any_privileges= 0;
}


void Item_field::reset_field(Field *f)
{
  set_field(f);
  /* 'name' is pointing at field->field_name of old field */
  item_name.set(f->field_name);
}

const char *Item_ident::full_name() const
{
  char *tmp;
  if (!table_name || !field_name)
    return field_name ? field_name : item_name.is_set() ? item_name.ptr() : "tmp_field";
  if (db_name && db_name[0])
  {
    tmp=(char*) sql_alloc((uint) strlen(db_name)+(uint) strlen(table_name)+
                          (uint) strlen(field_name)+3);
    strxmov(tmp,db_name,".",table_name,".",field_name,NullS);
  }
  else
  {
    if (table_name[0])
    {
      tmp= (char*) sql_alloc((uint) strlen(table_name) +
                             (uint) strlen(field_name) + 2);
      strxmov(tmp, table_name, ".", field_name, NullS);
    }
    else
      tmp= (char*) field_name;
  }
  return tmp;
}

void Item_ident::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  THD *thd= current_thd;
  char d_name_buff[MAX_ALIAS_NAME], t_name_buff[MAX_ALIAS_NAME];
  const char *d_name= db_name, *t_name= table_name;
  if (lower_case_table_names== 1 ||
      (lower_case_table_names == 2 && !alias_name_used))
  {
    if (table_name && table_name[0])
    {
      strmov(t_name_buff, table_name);
      my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, t_name_buff);
      t_name= t_name_buff;
    }
    if (db_name && db_name[0])
    {
      strmov(d_name_buff, db_name);
      my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, d_name_buff);
      d_name= d_name_buff;
    }
  }

  if (!table_name || !field_name || !field_name[0])
  {
    const char *nm= (field_name && field_name[0]) ?
                      field_name : item_name.is_set() ? item_name.ptr() : "tmp_field";
    append_identifier(thd, str, nm, (uint) strlen(nm));
    return;
  }
  if (db_name && db_name[0] && !alias_name_used)
  {
    if (!(cached_table && cached_table->belong_to_view &&
          cached_table->belong_to_view->compact_view_format))
    {
      const size_t d_name_len= strlen(d_name);
      if (!((query_type & QT_NO_DEFAULT_DB) &&
            db_is_default_db(d_name, d_name_len, thd)))
      {
        append_identifier(thd, str, d_name, (uint)d_name_len);
        str->append('.');
      }
    }
    append_identifier(thd, str, t_name, (uint)strlen(t_name));
    str->append('.');
    append_identifier(thd, str, field_name, (uint)strlen(field_name));
  }
  else
  {
    if (table_name[0])
    {
      append_identifier(thd, str, t_name, (uint) strlen(t_name));
      str->append('.');
      append_identifier(thd, str, field_name, (uint) strlen(field_name));
    }
    else
      append_identifier(thd, str, field_name, (uint) strlen(field_name));
  }
}

/* ARGSUSED */
String *Item_field::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  str->set_charset(str_value.charset());
  return field->val_str(str,&str_value);
}


double Item_field::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()))
    return 0.0;
  return field->val_real();
}


longlong Item_field::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return field->val_int();
}


longlong Item_field::val_time_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((null_value= field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return field->val_time_temporal();
}


longlong Item_field::val_date_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((null_value= field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return field->val_date_temporal();
}


my_decimal *Item_field::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  if ((null_value= field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return field->val_decimal(decimal_value);
}


String *Item_field::str_result(String *str)
{
  if ((null_value=result_field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  str->set_charset(str_value.charset());
  return result_field->val_str(str,&str_value);
}

bool Item_field::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  if ((null_value=field->is_null()) || field->get_date(ltime,fuzzydate))
  {
    memset(ltime, 0, sizeof(*ltime));
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

bool Item_field::get_date_result(MYSQL_TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  if ((null_value=result_field->is_null()) ||
      result_field->get_date(ltime,fuzzydate))
  {
    memset(ltime, 0, sizeof(*ltime));
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

bool Item_field::get_time(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  if ((null_value= field->is_null()) || field->get_time(ltime))
  {
    memset(ltime, 0, sizeof(*ltime));
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

bool Item_field::get_timeval(struct timeval *tm, int *warnings)
{
  if ((null_value= field->is_null()))
    return true;
  if (field->get_timestamp(tm, warnings))
    tm->tv_sec= tm->tv_usec= 0;
  return false;
}

double Item_field::val_result()
{
  if ((null_value=result_field->is_null()))
    return 0.0;
  return result_field->val_real();
}

longlong Item_field::val_int_result()
{
  if ((null_value=result_field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return result_field->val_int();
}

longlong Item_field::val_time_temporal_result()
{
  if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return result_field->val_time_temporal();
}

longlong Item_field::val_date_temporal_result()
{
  if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return result_field->val_date_temporal();
}

my_decimal *Item_field::val_decimal_result(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
    return 0;
  return result_field->val_decimal(decimal_value);
}


bool Item_field::val_bool_result()
{
  if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
    return FALSE;
  switch (result_field->result_type()) {
  case INT_RESULT:
    return result_field->val_int() != 0;
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
  {
    my_decimal decimal_value;
    my_decimal *val= result_field->val_decimal(&decimal_value);
    if (val)
      return !my_decimal_is_zero(val);
    return 0;
  }
  case REAL_RESULT:
  case STRING_RESULT:
    return result_field->val_real() != 0.0;
  case ROW_RESULT:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return 0;                                   // Shut up compiler
  }
}


bool Item_field::is_null_result()
{
  return (null_value=result_field->is_null());
}


bool Item_field::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  Item *real_item= ((Item *) item)->real_item();
  if (real_item->type() != FIELD_ITEM)
    return 0;
  
  Item_field *item_field= (Item_field*) real_item;
  if (item_field->field && field)
    return item_field->field == field;
  /*
    We may come here when we are trying to find a function in a GROUP BY
    clause from the select list.
    In this case the '100 % correct' way to do this would be to first
    run fix_fields() on the GROUP BY item and then retry this function, but
    I think it's better to relax the checking a bit as we will in
    most cases do the correct thing by just checking the field name.
    (In cases where we would choose wrong we would have to generate a
    ER_NON_UNIQ_ERROR).
  */
  return (item_field->item_name.eq_safe(field_name) &&
          (!item_field->table_name || !table_name ||
           (!my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, item_field->table_name,
                           table_name) &&
            (!item_field->db_name || !db_name ||
             (item_field->db_name && !strcmp(item_field->db_name,
                                             db_name))))));
}


table_map Item_field::used_tables() const
{
  if (field->table->const_table)
    return 0;                                   // const item
  return (depended_from ? OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT : field->table->map);
}


table_map Item_field::resolved_used_tables() const
{
  if (field->table->const_table)
    return 0;                                   // const item
  return field->table->map;
}

void Item_ident::fix_after_pullout(st_select_lex *parent_select,
                                   st_select_lex *removed_select)
{
  /*
    Some field items may be created for use in execution only, without
    a name resolution context. They have already been used in execution,
    so no transformation is necessary here.

    @todo: Provide strict phase-division in optimizer, to make sure that
           execution-only objects do not exist during transformation stage.
           Then, this test would be deemed unnecessary.
  */
  if (context == NULL)
  {
    DBUG_ASSERT(type() == FIELD_ITEM);
    return;
  }

  if (context->select_lex == removed_select ||
      context->select_lex == parent_select)
  {
    if (parent_select == depended_from)
      depended_from= NULL;
    Name_resolution_context *ctx= new Name_resolution_context();
    ctx->outer_context= NULL; // We don't build a complete name resolver
    ctx->table_list= NULL;    // We rely on first_name_resolution_table instead
    ctx->select_lex= parent_select;
    ctx->first_name_resolution_table= context->first_name_resolution_table;
    ctx->last_name_resolution_table=  context->last_name_resolution_table;
    ctx->error_processor=             context->error_processor;
    ctx->error_processor_data=        context->error_processor_data;
    ctx->resolve_in_select_list=      context->resolve_in_select_list;
    ctx->security_ctx=                context->security_ctx;
    this->context=ctx;
  }
  else
  {
    /*
      The definition scope of this field item reference is inner to the removed
      select_lex object.
      No new resolution is needed, but we may need to update the dependency.
    */
    if (removed_select == depended_from)
      depended_from= parent_select;
  }

  if (depended_from)
  {
    /*
      Refresh used_tables information for subqueries between the definition
      scope and resolution scope of the field item reference.
    */
    st_select_lex *child_select= context->select_lex;

    while (child_select->outer_select() != depended_from)
    {
      /*
        The subquery on this level is outer-correlated with respect to the field
      */
      Item_subselect *subq_predicate= child_select->master_unit()->item;

      subq_predicate->used_tables_cache|= OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT;
      child_select= child_select->outer_select();
    }

    /*
      child_select is select_lex immediately inner to the depended_from level.
      Now, locate the subquery predicate that contains this select_lex and
      update used tables information.
    */
    Item_subselect *subq_predicate= child_select->master_unit()->item;

    subq_predicate->used_tables_cache|= this->resolved_used_tables();
    subq_predicate->const_item_cache&= this->const_item();
  }
}


Item *Item_field::get_tmp_table_item(THD *thd)
{
  Item_field *new_item= new Item_field(thd, this);
  if (new_item)
    new_item->field= new_item->result_field;
  return new_item;
}

longlong Item_field::val_int_endpoint(bool left_endp, bool *incl_endp)
{
  longlong res= val_int();
  return null_value? LONGLONG_MIN : res;
}

Item_int::Item_int(const char *str_arg, uint length)
{
  char *end_ptr= (char*) str_arg + length;
  int error;
  value= my_strtoll10(str_arg, &end_ptr, &error);
  max_length= (uint) (end_ptr - str_arg);
  item_name.copy(str_arg, max_length);
  fixed= 1;
}


my_decimal *Item_int::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, unsigned_flag, decimal_value);
  return decimal_value;
}

String *Item_int::val_str(String *str)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  str->set_int(value, unsigned_flag, collation.collation);
  return str;
}

void Item_int::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  // my_charset_bin is good enough for numbers
  str_value.set_int(value, unsigned_flag, &my_charset_bin);
  str->append(str_value);
}


String *Item_uint::val_str(String *str)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  str->set((ulonglong) value, collation.collation);
  return str;
}


void Item_uint::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  // latin1 is good enough for numbers
  str_value.set((ulonglong) value, default_charset());
  str->append(str_value);
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(const char *str_arg, uint length,
                           const CHARSET_INFO *charset)
{
  str2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, str_arg, length, charset, &decimal_value);
  item_name.set(str_arg);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(decimal_value.intg +
                                                           decimals,
                                                           decimals,
                                                           unsigned_flag);
}

Item_decimal::Item_decimal(longlong val, bool unsig)
{
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, val, unsig, &decimal_value);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(decimal_value.intg +
                                                           decimals,
                                                           decimals,
                                                           unsigned_flag);
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(double val, int precision, int scale)
{
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, val, &decimal_value);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(decimal_value.intg +
                                                           decimals,
                                                           decimals,
                                                           unsigned_flag);
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(const Name_string &name_arg,
                           const my_decimal *val_arg,
                           uint decimal_par, uint length)
{
  my_decimal2decimal(val_arg, &decimal_value);
  item_name= name_arg;
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_par;
  max_length= length;
  fixed= 1;
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(my_decimal *value_par)
{
  my_decimal2decimal(value_par, &decimal_value);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(decimal_value.intg +
                                                           decimals,
                                                           decimals,
                                                           unsigned_flag);
}


Item_decimal::Item_decimal(const uchar *bin, int precision, int scale)
{
  binary2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, bin,
                    &decimal_value, precision, scale);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  fixed= 1;
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(precision, decimals,
                                                           unsigned_flag);
}


longlong Item_decimal::val_int()
{
  longlong result;
  my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, unsigned_flag, &result);
  return result;
}

double Item_decimal::val_real()
{
  double result;
  my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, &result);
  return result;
}

String *Item_decimal::val_str(String *result)
{
  result->set_charset(&my_charset_numeric);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, 0, 0, 0, result);
  return result;
}

void Item_decimal::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, 0, 0, 0, &str_value);
  str->append(str_value);
}


bool Item_decimal::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (type() == item->type() && item->basic_const_item())
  {
    /*
      We need to cast off const to call val_decimal(). This should
      be OK for a basic constant. Additionally, we can pass 0 as
      a true decimal constant will return its internal decimal
      storage and ignore the argument.
    */
    Item *arg= (Item*) item;
    my_decimal *value= arg->val_decimal(0);
    return !my_decimal_cmp(&decimal_value, value);
  }
  return 0;
}


void Item_decimal::set_decimal_value(my_decimal *value_par)
{
  my_decimal2decimal(value_par, &decimal_value);
  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  unsigned_flag= !decimal_value.sign();
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(decimal_value.intg +
                                                           decimals,
                                                           decimals,
                                                           unsigned_flag);
}


String *Item_float::val_str(String *str)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  str->set_real(value,decimals,&my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item_float::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, decimal_value);
  return (decimal_value);
}


void Item_string::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  const bool print_introducer=
    !(query_type & QT_WITHOUT_INTRODUCERS) && is_cs_specified();
  if (print_introducer)
  {
    str->append('_');
    str->append(collation.collation->csname);
  }

  str->append('\'');

  if (query_type & QT_TO_SYSTEM_CHARSET)
  {
    if (print_introducer)
    {
      /*
        Because we wrote an introducer, we must print str_value in its
        charset, and the resulting bytes must not be changed until they
        reach the end client.
        But the caller is asking for system_charset_info, and may later
        convert into character_set_results. That means two conversions: we
        must ensure that they don't change our printed bytes.
        So we print str_value in the least common denominator of the three
        charsets involved: ASCII. Non-ASCII characters are printed as \xFF
        sequences (which is ASCII too). This way, our bytes will not be
        changed.
      */
      ErrConvString tmp(str_value.ptr(), str_value.length(), &my_charset_bin);
      str->append(tmp.ptr());
    }
    else
    {
      if (my_charset_same(str_value.charset(), system_charset_info))
        str_value.print(str); // already in system_charset_info
      else // need to convert
      {
        THD *thd= current_thd;
        LEX_STRING utf8_lex_str;

        thd->convert_string(&utf8_lex_str,
                            system_charset_info,
                            str_value.ptr(),
                            str_value.length(),
                            str_value.charset());

        String utf8_str(utf8_lex_str.str,
                        utf8_lex_str.length,
                        system_charset_info);

        utf8_str.print(str);
      }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    // Caller wants a result in the charset of str_value.
    str_value.print(str);
  }

  str->append('\'');
}


double 
double_from_string_with_check (const CHARSET_INFO *cs,
                               const char *cptr, char *end)
{
  int error;
  char *org_end;
  double tmp;

  org_end= end;
  tmp= my_strntod(cs, (char*) cptr, end - cptr, &end, &error);
  if (error || (end != org_end && !check_if_only_end_space(cs, end, org_end)))
  {
    ErrConvString err(cptr, org_end - cptr, cs);
    push_warning_printf(current_thd, Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                        ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE,
                        ER(ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE), "DOUBLE",
                        err.ptr());
  }
  return tmp;
}


double Item_string::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  return double_from_string_with_check (str_value.charset(), str_value.ptr(), 
                                        (char *) str_value.ptr() + str_value.length());
}


longlong 
longlong_from_string_with_check (const CHARSET_INFO *cs,
                                 const char *cptr, char *end)
{
  int err;
  longlong tmp;
  char *org_end= end;

  tmp= (*(cs->cset->strtoll10))(cs, cptr, &end, &err);
  /*
    TODO: Give error if we wanted a signed integer and we got an unsigned
    one
  */
  if (!current_thd->no_errors &&
      (err > 0 ||
       (end != org_end && !check_if_only_end_space(cs, end, org_end))))
  {
    ErrConvString err(cptr, cs);
    push_warning_printf(current_thd, Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                        ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE,
                        ER(ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE), "INTEGER",
                        err.ptr());
  }
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_string::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  return longlong_from_string_with_check(str_value.charset(), str_value.ptr(),
                             (char *) str_value.ptr()+ str_value.length());
}


my_decimal *Item_string::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  return val_decimal_from_string(decimal_value);
}


bool Item_null::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{ return item->type() == type(); }


double Item_null::val_real()
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  null_value=1;
  return 0.0;
}
longlong Item_null::val_int()
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  null_value=1;
  return 0;
}
/* ARGSUSED */
String *Item_null::val_str(String *str)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  null_value=1;
  return 0;
}

my_decimal *Item_null::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  return 0;
}


Item *Item_null::safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  collation.set(tocs);
  return this;
}

/*********************** Item_param related ******************************/

static void
default_set_param_func(Item_param *param,
                       uchar **pos __attribute__((unused)),
                       ulong len __attribute__((unused)))
{
  param->set_null();
}


Item_param::Item_param(uint pos_in_query_arg) :
  state(NO_VALUE),
  item_result_type(STRING_RESULT),
  /* Don't pretend to be a literal unless value for this item is set. */
  item_type(PARAM_ITEM),
  param_type(MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR),
  pos_in_query(pos_in_query_arg),
  set_param_func(default_set_param_func),
  limit_clause_param(FALSE),
  m_out_param_info(NULL)
{
  item_name.set("?");
  /* 
    Since we can't say whenever this item can be NULL or cannot be NULL
    before mysql_stmt_execute(), so we assuming that it can be NULL until
    value is set.
  */
  maybe_null= 1;
  cnvitem= new Item_string("", 0, &my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  cnvstr.set(cnvbuf, sizeof(cnvbuf), &my_charset_bin);
}


void Item_param::set_null()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_null");
  /* These are cleared after each execution by reset() method */
  null_value= 1;
  /* 
    Because of NULL and string values we need to set max_length for each new
    placeholder value: user can submit NULL for any placeholder type, and 
    string length can be different in each execution.
  */
  max_length= 0;
  decimals= 0;
  state= NULL_VALUE;
  item_type= Item::NULL_ITEM;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

void Item_param::set_int(longlong i, uint32 max_length_arg)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_int");
  value.integer= (longlong) i;
  state= INT_VALUE;
  max_length= max_length_arg;
  decimals= 0;
  maybe_null= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

void Item_param::set_double(double d)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_double");
  value.real= d;
  state= REAL_VALUE;
  max_length= DBL_DIG + 8;
  decimals= NOT_FIXED_DEC;
  maybe_null= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


void Item_param::set_decimal(const char *str, ulong length)
{
  char *end;
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_decimal");

  end= (char*) str+length;
  str2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, str, &decimal_value, &end);
  state= DECIMAL_VALUE;
  decimals= decimal_value.frac;
  max_length=
    my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(decimal_value.precision(),
                                                 decimals, unsigned_flag);
  maybe_null= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

void Item_param::set_decimal(const my_decimal *dv)
{
  state= DECIMAL_VALUE;

  my_decimal2decimal(dv, &decimal_value);

  decimals= (uint8) decimal_value.frac;
  unsigned_flag= !decimal_value.sign();
  max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length(decimal_value.intg + decimals,
                                             decimals, unsigned_flag);
}

void Item_param::set_time(MYSQL_TIME *tm, timestamp_type time_type,
                          uint32 max_length_arg)
{ 
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_time");

  value.time= *tm;
  value.time.time_type= time_type;

  if (check_datetime_range(&value.time))
  {
    make_truncated_value_warning(ErrConvString(&value.time,
                                               MY_MIN(decimals,
                                                      DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS)),
                                 time_type);
    set_zero_time(&value.time, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_ERROR);
  }

  state= TIME_VALUE;
  maybe_null= 0;
  max_length= max_length_arg;
  decimals= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


bool Item_param::set_str(const char *str, ulong length)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_str");
  /*
    Assign string with no conversion: data is converted only after it's
    been written to the binary log.
  */
  uint dummy_errors;
  if (str_value.copy(str, length, &my_charset_bin, &my_charset_bin,
                     &dummy_errors))
    DBUG_RETURN(TRUE);
  state= STRING_VALUE;
  max_length= length;
  maybe_null= 0;
  /* max_length and decimals are set after charset conversion */
  /* sic: str may be not null-terminated, don't add DBUG_PRINT here */
  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}


bool Item_param::set_longdata(const char *str, ulong length)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_longdata");

  /*
    If client character set is multibyte, end of long data packet
    may hit at the middle of a multibyte character.  Additionally,
    if binary log is open we must write long data value to the
    binary log in character set of client. This is why we can't
    convert long data to connection character set as it comes
    (here), and first have to concatenate all pieces together,
    write query to the binary log and only then perform conversion.
  */
  if (str_value.length() + length > current_thd->variables.max_allowed_packet)
  {
    my_message(ER_UNKNOWN_ERROR,
               "Parameter of prepared statement which is set through "
               "mysql_send_long_data() is longer than "
               "'max_allowed_packet' bytes",
               MYF(0));
    DBUG_RETURN(true);
  }

  if (str_value.append(str, length, &my_charset_bin))
    DBUG_RETURN(TRUE);
  state= LONG_DATA_VALUE;
  maybe_null= 0;

  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}


bool Item_param::set_from_user_var(THD *thd, const user_var_entry *entry)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::set_from_user_var");
  if (entry && entry->ptr())
  {
    item_result_type= entry->type();
    unsigned_flag= entry->unsigned_flag;
    if (limit_clause_param)
    {
      my_bool unused;
      set_int(entry->val_int(&unused), MY_INT64_NUM_DECIMAL_DIGITS);
      item_type= Item::INT_ITEM;
      DBUG_RETURN(!unsigned_flag && value.integer < 0 ? 1 : 0);
    }
    switch (item_result_type) {
    case REAL_RESULT:
      set_double(*(double*) entry->ptr());
      item_type= Item::REAL_ITEM;
      break;
    case INT_RESULT:
      set_int(*(longlong*) entry->ptr(), MY_INT64_NUM_DECIMAL_DIGITS);
      item_type= Item::INT_ITEM;
      break;
    case STRING_RESULT:
    {
      const CHARSET_INFO *fromcs= entry->collation.collation;
      const CHARSET_INFO *tocs= thd->variables.collation_connection;
      uint32 dummy_offset;

      value.cs_info.character_set_of_placeholder= fromcs;
      value.cs_info.character_set_client= thd->variables.character_set_client;
      /*
        Setup source and destination character sets so that they
        are different only if conversion is necessary: this will
        make later checks easier.
      */
      value.cs_info.final_character_set_of_str_value=
        String::needs_conversion(0, fromcs, tocs, &dummy_offset) ?
        tocs : fromcs;
      /*
        Exact value of max_length is not known unless data is converted to
        charset of connection, so we have to set it later.
      */
      item_type= Item::STRING_ITEM;

      if (set_str((const char *) entry->ptr(), entry->length()))
        DBUG_RETURN(1);
      break;
    }
    case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    {
      const my_decimal *ent_value= (const my_decimal *) entry->ptr();
      my_decimal2decimal(ent_value, &decimal_value);
      state= DECIMAL_VALUE;
      decimals= ent_value->frac;
      max_length=
        my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(ent_value->precision(),
                                                     decimals, unsigned_flag);
      item_type= Item::DECIMAL_ITEM;
      break;
    }
    default:
      DBUG_ASSERT(0);
      set_null();
    }
  }
  else
    set_null();

  DBUG_RETURN(0);
}

void Item_param::reset()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_param::reset");
  /* Shrink string buffer if it's bigger than max possible CHAR column */
  if (str_value.alloced_length() > MAX_CHAR_WIDTH)
    str_value.free();
  else
    str_value.length(0);
  str_value_ptr.length(0);
  /*
    We must prevent all charset conversions until data has been written
    to the binary log.
  */
  str_value.set_charset(&my_charset_bin);
  collation.set(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  state= NO_VALUE;
  maybe_null= 1;
  null_value= 0;
  /*
    Don't reset item_type to PARAM_ITEM: it's only needed to guard
    us from item optimizations at prepare stage, when item doesn't yet
    contain a literal of some kind.
    In all other cases when this object is accessed its value is
    set (this assumption is guarded by 'state' and
    DBUG_ASSERTS(state != NO_VALUE) in all Item_param::get_*
    methods).
  */
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


type_conversion_status
Item_param::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  field->set_notnull();

  switch (state) {
  case INT_VALUE:
    return field->store(value.integer, unsigned_flag);
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return field->store(value.real);
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
    return field->store_decimal(&decimal_value);
  case TIME_VALUE:
    field->store_time(&value.time);
    return TYPE_OK;
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    return field->store(str_value.ptr(), str_value.length(),
                        str_value.charset());
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
  case NO_VALUE:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return TYPE_ERR_BAD_VALUE;
}


bool Item_param::get_time(MYSQL_TIME *res)
{
  if (state == TIME_VALUE)
  {
    *res= value.time;
    return 0;
  }
  /*
    If parameter value isn't supplied assertion will fire in val_str()
    which is called from Item::get_time_from_string().    
  */
  return is_temporal() ? get_time_from_string(res) :
                         get_time_from_non_temporal(res);
}


bool Item_param::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *res, uint fuzzydate)
{
  if (state == TIME_VALUE)
  {
    *res= value.time;
    return 0;
  }
  return is_temporal() ? get_date_from_string(res, fuzzydate) :
                         get_date_from_non_temporal(res, fuzzydate);
}


double Item_param::val_real()
{
  switch (state) {
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return value.real;
  case INT_VALUE:
    return (double) value.integer;
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
  {
    double result;
    my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, &result);
    return result;
  }
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
  {
    int dummy_err;
    char *end_not_used;
    return my_strntod(str_value.charset(), (char*) str_value.ptr(),
                      str_value.length(), &end_not_used, &dummy_err);
  }
  case TIME_VALUE:
    /*
      This works for example when user says SELECT ?+0.0 and supplies
      time value for the placeholder.
    */
    return TIME_to_double(&value.time);
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return 0.0;
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return 0.0;
} 


longlong Item_param::val_int() 
{ 
  switch (state) {
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return (longlong) rint(value.real);
  case INT_VALUE:
    return value.integer;
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
  {
    longlong i;
    my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, unsigned_flag, &i);
    return i;
  }
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    {
      int dummy_err;
      return my_strntoll(str_value.charset(), str_value.ptr(),
                         str_value.length(), 10, (char**) 0, &dummy_err);
    }
  case TIME_VALUE:
    return (longlong) TIME_to_ulonglong_round(&value.time);
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return 0; 
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return 0;
}


my_decimal *Item_param::val_decimal(my_decimal *dec)
{
  switch (state) {
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
    return &decimal_value;
  case REAL_VALUE:
    double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value.real, dec);
    return dec;
  case INT_VALUE:
    int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value.integer, unsigned_flag, dec);
    return dec;
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    string2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &str_value, dec);
    return dec;
  case TIME_VALUE:
    return date2my_decimal(&value.time, dec);
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return 0; 
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return 0;
}


String *Item_param::val_str(String* str) 
{ 
  switch (state) {
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    return &str_value_ptr;
  case REAL_VALUE:
    str->set_real(value.real, NOT_FIXED_DEC, &my_charset_bin);
    return str;
  case INT_VALUE:
    str->set(value.integer, &my_charset_bin);
    return str;
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
    if (my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value,
                          0, 0, 0, str) <= 1)
      return str;
    return NULL;
  case TIME_VALUE:
  {
    if (str->reserve(MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH))
      break;
    str->length((uint) my_TIME_to_str(&value.time, (char *) str->ptr(),
                                      MY_MIN(decimals, DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS)));
    str->set_charset(&my_charset_bin);
    return str;
  }
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return NULL; 
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return str;
}

const String *Item_param::query_val_str(THD *thd, String* str) const
{
  switch (state) {
  case INT_VALUE:
    str->set_int(value.integer, unsigned_flag, &my_charset_bin);
    break;
  case REAL_VALUE:
    str->set_real(value.real, NOT_FIXED_DEC, &my_charset_bin);
    break;
  case DECIMAL_VALUE:
    if (my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value,
                          0, 0, 0, str) > 1)
      return &my_null_string;
    break;
  case TIME_VALUE:
    {
      char *buf, *ptr;
      str->length(0);
      /*
        TODO: in case of error we need to notify replication
        that binary log contains wrong statement 
      */
      if (str->reserve(MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH+3))
        break; 

      /* Create date string inplace */
      buf= str->c_ptr_quick();
      ptr= buf;
      *ptr++= '\'';
      ptr+= (uint) my_TIME_to_str(&value.time, ptr,
                                  MY_MIN(decimals, DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS));
      *ptr++= '\'';
      str->length((uint32) (ptr - buf));
      break;
    }
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    {
      str->length(0);
      append_query_string(thd, value.cs_info.character_set_client, &str_value,
                          str);
      break;
    }
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return &my_null_string;
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return str;
}


bool Item_param::convert_str_value(THD *thd)
{
  bool rc= FALSE;
  if (state == STRING_VALUE || state == LONG_DATA_VALUE)
  {
    /*
      Check is so simple because all charsets were set up properly
      in setup_one_conversion_function, where typecode of
      placeholder was also taken into account: the variables are different
      here only if conversion is really necessary.
    */
    if (value.cs_info.final_character_set_of_str_value !=
        value.cs_info.character_set_of_placeholder)
    {
      rc= thd->convert_string(&str_value,
                              value.cs_info.character_set_of_placeholder,
                              value.cs_info.final_character_set_of_str_value);
    }
    else
      str_value.set_charset(value.cs_info.final_character_set_of_str_value);
    /* Here str_value is guaranteed to be in final_character_set_of_str_value */

    max_length= str_value.numchars() * str_value.charset()->mbmaxlen;

    /* For the strings converted to numeric form within some functions */
    decimals= NOT_FIXED_DEC;
    /*
      str_value_ptr is returned from val_str(). It must be not alloced
      to prevent it's modification by val_str() invoker.
    */
    str_value_ptr.set(str_value.ptr(), str_value.length(),
                      str_value.charset());
    /* Synchronize item charset with value charset */
    collation.set(str_value.charset(), DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  }
  return rc;
}


bool Item_param::basic_const_item() const
{
  if (state == NO_VALUE || state == TIME_VALUE)
    return FALSE;
  return TRUE;
}


Item *
Item_param::clone_item()
{
  /* see comments in the header file */
  switch (state) {
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return new Item_null(item_name);
  case INT_VALUE:
    return (unsigned_flag ?
            new Item_uint(item_name, value.integer, max_length) :
            new Item_int(item_name, value.integer, max_length));
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return new Item_float(item_name, value.real, decimals, max_length);
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    return new Item_string(item_name, str_value.c_ptr_quick(), str_value.length(),
                           str_value.charset());
  case TIME_VALUE:
    break;
  case NO_VALUE:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  };
  return 0;
}


bool
Item_param::eq(const Item *arg, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  Item *item;
  if (!basic_const_item() || !arg->basic_const_item() || arg->type() != type())
    return FALSE;
  /*
    We need to cast off const to call val_int(). This should be OK for
    a basic constant.
  */
  item= (Item*) arg;

  switch (state) {
  case NULL_VALUE:
    return TRUE;
  case INT_VALUE:
    return value.integer == item->val_int() &&
           unsigned_flag == item->unsigned_flag;
  case REAL_VALUE:
    return value.real == item->val_real();
  case STRING_VALUE:
  case LONG_DATA_VALUE:
    if (binary_cmp)
      return !stringcmp(&str_value, &item->str_value);
    return !sortcmp(&str_value, &item->str_value, collation.collation);
  default:
    break;
  }
  return FALSE;
}

/* End of Item_param related */

void Item_param::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  if (state == NO_VALUE)
  {
    str->append('?');
  }
  else
  {
    char buffer[STRING_BUFFER_USUAL_SIZE];
    String tmp(buffer, sizeof(buffer), &my_charset_bin);
    const String *res;
    res= query_val_str(current_thd, &tmp);
    str->append(*res);
  }
}


void
Item_param::set_param_type_and_swap_value(Item_param *src)
{
  unsigned_flag= src->unsigned_flag;
  param_type= src->param_type;
  set_param_func= src->set_param_func;
  item_type= src->item_type;
  item_result_type= src->item_result_type;

  collation.set(src->collation);
  maybe_null= src->maybe_null;
  null_value= src->null_value;
  max_length= src->max_length;
  decimals= src->decimals;
  state= src->state;
  value= src->value;

  decimal_value.swap(src->decimal_value);
  str_value.swap(src->str_value);
  str_value_ptr.swap(src->str_value_ptr);
}


bool
Item_param::set_value(THD *thd, sp_rcontext *ctx, Item **it)
{
  Item *arg= *it;

  if (arg->is_null())
  {
    set_null();
    return FALSE;
  }

  null_value= FALSE;

  switch (arg->result_type()) {
  case STRING_RESULT:
  {
    char str_buffer[STRING_BUFFER_USUAL_SIZE];
    String sv_buffer(str_buffer, sizeof(str_buffer), &my_charset_bin);
    String *sv= arg->val_str(&sv_buffer);

    if (!sv)
      return TRUE;

    set_str(sv->c_ptr_safe(), sv->length());
    str_value_ptr.set(str_value.ptr(),
                      str_value.length(),
                      str_value.charset());
    collation.set(str_value.charset(), DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
    decimals= 0;
    item_type= Item::STRING_ITEM;
    break;
  }

  case REAL_RESULT:
    set_double(arg->val_real());
    item_type= Item::REAL_ITEM;
    break;

  case INT_RESULT:
    set_int(arg->val_int(), arg->max_length);
    item_type= Item::INT_ITEM;
    break;

  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
  {
    my_decimal dv_buf;
    my_decimal *dv= arg->val_decimal(&dv_buf);

    if (!dv)
      return TRUE;

    set_decimal(dv);
    item_type= Item::DECIMAL_ITEM;
    break;
  }

  default:
    /* That can not happen. */

    DBUG_ASSERT(TRUE);  // Abort in debug mode.

    set_null();         // Set to NULL in release mode.
    item_type= Item::NULL_ITEM;
    return FALSE;
  }

  item_result_type= arg->result_type();
  return FALSE;
}


void
Item_param::set_out_param_info(Send_field *info)
{
  m_out_param_info= info;
  param_type= m_out_param_info->type;
}


const Send_field *
Item_param::get_out_param_info() const
{
  return m_out_param_info;
}


void Item_param::make_field(Send_field *field)
{
  Item::make_field(field);

  if (!m_out_param_info)
    return;

  /*
    This is an OUT-parameter of stored procedure. We should use
    OUT-parameter info to fill out the names.
  */

  field->db_name= m_out_param_info->db_name;
  field->table_name= m_out_param_info->table_name;
  field->org_table_name= m_out_param_info->org_table_name;
  field->col_name= m_out_param_info->col_name;
  field->org_col_name= m_out_param_info->org_col_name;

  field->length= m_out_param_info->length;
  field->charsetnr= m_out_param_info->charsetnr;
  field->flags= m_out_param_info->flags;
  field->decimals= m_out_param_info->decimals;
  field->type= m_out_param_info->type;
}

/****************************************************************************
  Item_copy
****************************************************************************/
Item_copy *Item_copy::create (Item *item)
{
  switch (item->result_type())
  {
    case STRING_RESULT:
      return new Item_copy_string (item);
    case REAL_RESULT: 
      return new Item_copy_float (item);
    case INT_RESULT:
      return item->unsigned_flag ? 
        new Item_copy_uint (item) : new Item_copy_int (item);
    case DECIMAL_RESULT:
      return new Item_copy_decimal (item);
    default:
      DBUG_ASSERT (0);
  }
  /* should not happen */
  return NULL;
}

/****************************************************************************
  Item_copy_string
****************************************************************************/

double Item_copy_string::val_real()
{
  int err_not_used;
  char *end_not_used;
  return (null_value ? 0.0 :
          my_strntod(str_value.charset(), (char*) str_value.ptr(),
                     str_value.length(), &end_not_used, &err_not_used));
}

longlong Item_copy_string::val_int()
{
  int err;
  return null_value ? LL(0) : my_strntoll(str_value.charset(),str_value.ptr(),
                                          str_value.length(),10, (char**) 0,
                                          &err); 
}


type_conversion_status
Item_copy_string::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  return save_str_value_in_field(field, &str_value);
}


void Item_copy_string::copy()
{
  String *res=item->val_str(&str_value);
  if (res && res != &str_value)
    str_value.copy(*res);
  null_value=item->null_value;
}

/* ARGSUSED */
String *Item_copy_string::val_str(String *str)
{
  // Item_copy_string is used without fix_fields call
  if (null_value)
    return (String*) 0;
  return &str_value;
}


my_decimal *Item_copy_string::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  // Item_copy_string is used without fix_fields call
  if (null_value)
    return (my_decimal *) 0;
  string2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &str_value, decimal_value);
  return (decimal_value);
}


bool Item_copy_string::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint fuzzydate)
{
  return get_date_from_string(ltime, fuzzydate);
}

bool Item_copy_string::get_time(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  return get_time_from_string(ltime);
}

/****************************************************************************
  Item_copy_int
****************************************************************************/

void Item_copy_int::copy()
{
  cached_value= item->val_int();
  null_value=item->null_value;
}

static type_conversion_status
save_int_value_in_field (Field *field, longlong nr,
                         bool null_value, bool unsigned_flag);

type_conversion_status
Item_copy_int::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  return save_int_value_in_field(field, cached_value,
                                 null_value, unsigned_flag);
}


String *Item_copy_int::val_str(String *str)
{
  if (null_value)
    return (String *) 0;

  str->set(cached_value, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item_copy_int::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  if (null_value)
    return (my_decimal *) 0;

  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, cached_value, unsigned_flag, decimal_value);
  return decimal_value;
}


/****************************************************************************
  Item_copy_uint
****************************************************************************/

String *Item_copy_uint::val_str(String *str)
{
  if (null_value)
    return (String *) 0;

  str->set((ulonglong) cached_value, &my_charset_bin);
  return str;
}


/****************************************************************************
  Item_copy_float
****************************************************************************/

String *Item_copy_float::val_str(String *str)
{
  if (null_value)
    return (String *) 0;
  else
  {
    double nr= val_real();
    str->set_real(nr,decimals, &my_charset_bin);
    return str;
  }
}


my_decimal *Item_copy_float::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  if (null_value)
    return (my_decimal *) 0;
  else
  {
    double nr= val_real();
    double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, nr, decimal_value);
    return decimal_value;
  }
}


type_conversion_status
Item_copy_float::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  // TODO: call set_field_to_null_with_conversions below
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);

  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store(cached_value);
}


/****************************************************************************
  Item_copy_decimal
****************************************************************************/

type_conversion_status
Item_copy_decimal::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  // TODO: call set_field_to_null_with_conversions below
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store_decimal(&cached_value);
}


String *Item_copy_decimal::val_str(String *result)
{
  if (null_value)
    return (String *) 0;
  result->set_charset(&my_charset_bin);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &cached_value, 0, 0, 0, result);
  return result;
}


double Item_copy_decimal::val_real()
{
  if (null_value)
    return 0.0;
  else
  {
    double result;
    my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &cached_value, &result);
    return result;
  }
}


longlong Item_copy_decimal::val_int()
{
  if (null_value)
    return LL(0);
  else
  {
    longlong result;
    my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &cached_value, unsigned_flag, &result);
    return result;
  }
}


void Item_copy_decimal::copy()
{
  my_decimal *nr= item->val_decimal(&cached_value);
  if (nr && nr != &cached_value)
    my_decimal2decimal (nr, &cached_value);
  null_value= item->null_value;
}


/*
  Functions to convert item to field (for send_result_set_metadata)
*/

/* ARGSUSED */
bool Item::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **ref)
{

  // We do not check fields which are fixed during construction
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0 || basic_const_item());
  fixed= 1;
  return FALSE;
}

double Item_ref_null_helper::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  double tmp= (*ref)->val_result();
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_ref_null_helper::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  longlong tmp= (*ref)->val_int_result();
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_ref_null_helper::val_time_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  DBUG_ASSERT((*ref)->is_temporal());
  longlong tmp= (*ref)->val_time_temporal_result();
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_ref_null_helper::val_date_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  DBUG_ASSERT((*ref)->is_temporal());
  longlong tmp= (*ref)->val_date_temporal_result();
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


my_decimal *Item_ref_null_helper::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  my_decimal *val= (*ref)->val_decimal_result(decimal_value);
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return val;
}


bool Item_ref_null_helper::val_bool()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  bool val= (*ref)->val_bool_result();
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return val;
}


String* Item_ref_null_helper::val_str(String* s)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  String* tmp= (*ref)->str_result(s);
  owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_ref_null_helper::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint fuzzydate)
{  
  return (owner->was_null|= null_value= (*ref)->get_date(ltime, fuzzydate));
}


static void mark_as_dependent(THD *thd, SELECT_LEX *last, SELECT_LEX *current,
                              Item_ident *resolved_item,
                              Item_ident *mark_item)
{
  const char *db_name= (resolved_item->db_name ?
                        resolved_item->db_name : "");
  const char *table_name= (resolved_item->table_name ?
                           resolved_item->table_name : "");
  /* store pointer on SELECT_LEX from which item is dependent */
  if (mark_item)
    mark_item->depended_from= last;
  current->mark_as_dependent(last);
  if (thd->lex->describe & DESCRIBE_EXTENDED)
  {
    push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_NOTE,
                 ER_WARN_FIELD_RESOLVED, ER(ER_WARN_FIELD_RESOLVED),
                 db_name, (db_name[0] ? "." : ""),
                 table_name, (table_name [0] ? "." : ""),
                 resolved_item->field_name,
                 current->select_number, last->select_number);
  }
}


void mark_select_range_as_dependent(THD *thd,
                                    SELECT_LEX *last_select,
                                    SELECT_LEX *current_sel,
                                    Field *found_field, Item *found_item,
                                    Item_ident *resolved_item)
{
  /*
    Go from current SELECT to SELECT where field was resolved (it
    have to be reachable from current SELECT, because it was already
    done once when we resolved this field and cached result of
    resolving)
  */
  SELECT_LEX *previous_select= current_sel;
  for (; previous_select->outer_select() != last_select;
       previous_select= previous_select->outer_select())
  {
    Item_subselect *prev_subselect_item=
      previous_select->master_unit()->item;
    prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT;
    prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
  }
  {
    Item_subselect *prev_subselect_item=
      previous_select->master_unit()->item;
    Item_ident *dependent= resolved_item;
    if (found_field == view_ref_found)
    {
      Item::Type type= found_item->type();
      prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|=
        found_item->used_tables();
      dependent= ((type == Item::REF_ITEM || type == Item::FIELD_ITEM) ?
                  (Item_ident*) found_item :
                  0);
    }
    else
      prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|=
        found_field->table->map;
    prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
    mark_as_dependent(thd, last_select, current_sel, resolved_item,
                      dependent);
  }
}


static bool find_item_in_item_list (Item *item, List<Item> *list)
{
  List_iterator<Item> li(*list);
  Item *it= NULL;
  while ((it= li++))    
  {
    if (it->walk(&Item::find_item_processor, true,
                 (uchar*)item))
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}


static Item** find_field_in_group_list(Item *find_item, ORDER *group_list)
{
  const char *db_name;
  const char *table_name;
  const char *field_name;
  ORDER      *found_group= NULL;
  int         found_match_degree= 0;
  Item_ident *cur_field;
  int         cur_match_degree= 0;
  char        name_buff[NAME_LEN+1];

  if (find_item->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM ||
      find_item->type() == Item::REF_ITEM)
  {
    db_name=    ((Item_ident*) find_item)->db_name;
    table_name= ((Item_ident*) find_item)->table_name;
    field_name= ((Item_ident*) find_item)->field_name;
  }
  else
    return NULL;

  if (db_name && lower_case_table_names)
  {
    /* Convert database to lower case for comparison */
    strmake(name_buff, db_name, sizeof(name_buff)-1);
    my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, name_buff);
    db_name= name_buff;
  }

  DBUG_ASSERT(field_name != 0);

  for (ORDER *cur_group= group_list ; cur_group ; cur_group= cur_group->next)
  {
    if ((*(cur_group->item))->real_item()->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
    {
      cur_field= (Item_ident*) *cur_group->item;
      cur_match_degree= 0;
      
      DBUG_ASSERT(cur_field->field_name != 0);

      if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                         cur_field->field_name, field_name))
        ++cur_match_degree;
      else
        continue;

      if (cur_field->table_name && table_name)
      {
        /* If field_name is qualified by a table name. */
        if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, cur_field->table_name, table_name))
          /* Same field names, different tables. */
          return NULL;

        ++cur_match_degree;
        if (cur_field->db_name && db_name)
        {
          /* If field_name is also qualified by a database name. */
          if (strcmp(cur_field->db_name, db_name))
            /* Same field names, different databases. */
            return NULL;
          ++cur_match_degree;
        }
      }

      if (cur_match_degree > found_match_degree)
      {
        found_match_degree= cur_match_degree;
        found_group= cur_group;
      }
      else if (found_group && (cur_match_degree == found_match_degree) &&
               ! (*(found_group->item))->eq(cur_field, 0))
      {
        /*
          If the current resolve candidate matches equally well as the current
          best match, they must reference the same column, otherwise the field
          is ambiguous.
        */
        my_error(ER_NON_UNIQ_ERROR, MYF(0),
                 find_item->full_name(), current_thd->where);
        return NULL;
      }
    }
  }

  if (found_group)
    return found_group->item;
  else
    return NULL;
}


#ifndef DBUG_OFF
static bool is_fixed_or_outer_ref(Item *ref)
{
  /*
    The requirements are that the Item pointer
    1)  is not NULL, and
    2a) points to a fixed Item, or
    2b) points to an Item_outer_ref.
  */
  return (ref != NULL &&                     // 1
          (ref->fixed ||                     // 2a
           (ref->type() == Item::REF_ITEM && // 2b
            static_cast<Item_ref *>(ref)->ref_type() == Item_ref::OUTER_REF)));
}
#endif


static Item**
resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(THD *thd, Item_ident *ref, SELECT_LEX *select)
{
  Item **group_by_ref= NULL;
  Item **select_ref= NULL;
  ORDER *group_list= select->group_list.first;
  bool ambiguous_fields= FALSE;
  uint counter;
  enum_resolution_type resolution;

  /*
    Search for a column or derived column named as 'ref' in the SELECT
    clause of the current select.
  */
  if (!(select_ref= find_item_in_list(ref, *(select->get_item_list()),
                                      &counter, REPORT_EXCEPT_NOT_FOUND,
                                      &resolution)))
    return NULL; /* Some error occurred. */
  if (resolution == RESOLVED_AGAINST_ALIAS)
    ref->alias_name_used= TRUE;

  /* If this is a non-aggregated field inside HAVING, search in GROUP BY. */
  if (select->having_fix_field && !ref->with_sum_func && group_list)
  {
    group_by_ref= find_field_in_group_list(ref, group_list);
    
    /* Check if the fields found in SELECT and GROUP BY are the same field. */
    if (group_by_ref && (select_ref != not_found_item) &&
        !((*group_by_ref)->eq(*select_ref, 0)))
    {
      ambiguous_fields= TRUE;
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN, ER_NON_UNIQ_ERROR,
                          ER(ER_NON_UNIQ_ERROR), ref->full_name(),
                          current_thd->where);

    }
  }

  if (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY &&
      select->having_fix_field  &&
      select_ref != not_found_item && !group_by_ref)
  {
    /*
      Report the error if fields was found only in the SELECT item list and
      the strict mode is enabled.
    */
    my_error(ER_NON_GROUPING_FIELD_USED, MYF(0),
             ref->item_name.ptr(), "HAVING");
    return NULL;
  }
  if (select_ref != not_found_item || group_by_ref)
  {
    if (select_ref != not_found_item && !ambiguous_fields)
    {
      DBUG_ASSERT(*select_ref != 0);
      if (!select->ref_pointer_array[counter])
      {
        my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_REFERENCE, MYF(0),
                 ref->item_name.ptr(), "forward reference in item list");
        return NULL;
      }
      /*
       Assert if its an incorrect reference . We do not assert if its a outer
       reference, as they get fixed later in fix_innner_refs function.
      */
      DBUG_ASSERT(is_fixed_or_outer_ref(*select_ref));

      return &select->ref_pointer_array[counter];
    }
    if (group_by_ref)
      return group_by_ref;
    DBUG_ASSERT(FALSE);
    return NULL; /* So there is no compiler warning. */
  }

  return (Item**) not_found_item;
}


int
Item_field::fix_outer_field(THD *thd, Field **from_field, Item **reference)
{
  enum_parsing_place place= NO_MATTER;
  bool field_found= (*from_field != not_found_field);
  bool upward_lookup= FALSE;

  /*
    If there are outer contexts (outer selects, but current select is
    not derived table or view) try to resolve this reference in the
    outer contexts.

    We treat each subselect as a separate namespace, so that different
    subselects may contain columns with the same names. The subselects
    are searched starting from the innermost.
  */
  Name_resolution_context *last_checked_context= context;
  Item **ref= (Item **) not_found_item;
  SELECT_LEX *current_sel= (SELECT_LEX *) thd->lex->current_select;
  Name_resolution_context *outer_context= 0;
  SELECT_LEX *select= 0;
  /* Currently derived tables cannot be correlated */
  if (current_sel->master_unit()->first_select()->linkage !=
      DERIVED_TABLE_TYPE)
    outer_context= context->outer_context;
  for (;
       outer_context;
       outer_context= outer_context->outer_context)
  {
    select= outer_context->select_lex;
    Item_subselect *prev_subselect_item=
      last_checked_context->select_lex->master_unit()->item;
    last_checked_context= outer_context;
    upward_lookup= TRUE;

    place= prev_subselect_item->parsing_place;
    /*
      If outer_field is set, field was already found by first call
      to find_field_in_tables(). Only need to find appropriate context.
    */
    if (field_found && outer_context->select_lex !=
        cached_table->select_lex)
      continue;
    /*
      In case of a view, find_field_in_tables() writes the pointer to
      the found view field into '*reference', in other words, it
      substitutes this Item_field with the found expression.
    */
    if (field_found || (*from_field= find_field_in_tables(thd, this,
                                          outer_context->
                                            first_name_resolution_table,
                                          outer_context->
                                            last_name_resolution_table,
                                          reference,
                                          IGNORE_EXCEPT_NON_UNIQUE,
                                          TRUE, TRUE)) !=
        not_found_field)
    {
      if (*from_field)
      {
        if (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY &&
            select->cur_pos_in_all_fields != SELECT_LEX::ALL_FIELDS_UNDEF_POS)
        {
          /*
            As this is an outer field it should be added to the list of
            non aggregated fields of the outer select.
          */
          push_to_non_agg_fields(select);
        }
        if (*from_field != view_ref_found)
        {
          prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= (*from_field)->table->map;
          prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
          set_field(*from_field);
          if (!last_checked_context->select_lex->having_fix_field &&
              select->group_list.elements &&
              (place == SELECT_LIST || place == IN_HAVING))
          {
            Item_outer_ref *rf;
            /*
              If an outer field is resolved in a grouping select then it
              is replaced for an Item_outer_ref object. Otherwise an
              Item_field object is used.
              The new Item_outer_ref object is saved in the inner_refs_list of
              the outer select. Here it is only created. It can be fixed only
              after the original field has been fixed and this is done in the
              fix_inner_refs() function.
            */
            ;
            if (!(rf= new Item_outer_ref(context, this)))
              return -1;
            thd->change_item_tree(reference, rf);
            select->inner_refs_list.push_back(rf);
            rf->in_sum_func= thd->lex->in_sum_func;
          }
          /*
            A reference is resolved to a nest level that's outer or the same as
            the nest level of the enclosing set function : adjust the value of
            max_arg_level for the function if it's needed.
          */
          if (thd->lex->in_sum_func &&
              thd->lex->in_sum_func->nest_level >= select->nest_level)
          {
            Item::Type ref_type= (*reference)->type();
            set_if_bigger(thd->lex->in_sum_func->max_arg_level,
                          select->nest_level);
            set_field(*from_field);
            fixed= 1;
            mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                              context->select_lex, this,
                              ((ref_type == REF_ITEM ||
                                ref_type == FIELD_ITEM) ?
                               (Item_ident*) (*reference) : 0));
            return 0;
          }
        }
        else
        {
          Item::Type ref_type= (*reference)->type();
          prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|=
            (*reference)->used_tables();
          prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache&=
            (*reference)->const_item();
          mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                            context->select_lex, this,
                            ((ref_type == REF_ITEM || ref_type == FIELD_ITEM) ?
                             (Item_ident*) (*reference) :
                             0));
          /*
            A reference to a view field had been found and we
            substituted it instead of this Item (find_field_in_tables
            does it by assigning the new value to *reference), so now
            we can return from this function.
          */
          return 0;
        }
      }
      break;
    }

    /* Search in SELECT and GROUP lists of the outer select. */
    if (place != IN_WHERE && place != IN_ON &&
        outer_context->resolve_in_select_list)
    {
      if (!(ref= resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(thd, this, select)))
        return -1; /* Some error occurred (e.g. ambiguous names). */
      if (ref != not_found_item)
      {
        /*
          Either the item we found is already fixed, or it is an outer
          reference that will be fixed later in fix_inner_refs().
        */
        DBUG_ASSERT(is_fixed_or_outer_ref(*ref));
        prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= (*ref)->used_tables();
        prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache&= (*ref)->const_item();
        break;
      }
    }

    /*
      Reference is not found in this select => this subquery depend on
      outer select (or we just trying to find wrong identifier, in this
      case it does not matter which used tables bits we set)
    */
    prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT;
    prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
  }

  DBUG_ASSERT(ref != 0);
  if (!*from_field)
    return -1;
  if (ref == not_found_item && *from_field == not_found_field)
  {
    if (upward_lookup)
    {
      // We can't say exactly what absent table or field
      my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), full_name(), thd->where);
    }
    else
    {
      /* Call find_field_in_tables only to report the error */
      find_field_in_tables(thd, this,
                           context->first_name_resolution_table,
                           context->last_name_resolution_table,
                           reference, REPORT_ALL_ERRORS,
                           !any_privileges, TRUE);
    }
    return -1;
  }
  else if (ref != not_found_item)
  {
    Item *save;
    Item_ref *rf;

    /* Should have been checked in resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(). */
    DBUG_ASSERT(is_fixed_or_outer_ref(*ref));
    /*
      Here, a subset of actions performed by Item_ref::set_properties
      is not enough. So we pass ptr to NULL into Item_[direct]_ref
      constructor, so no initialization is performed, and call 
      fix_fields() below.
    */
    save= *ref;
    *ref= NULL;                             // Don't call set_properties()
    rf= (place == IN_HAVING ?
         new Item_ref(context, ref, (char*) table_name,
                      (char*) field_name, alias_name_used) :
         (!select->group_list.elements ?
         new Item_direct_ref(context, ref, (char*) table_name,
                             (char*) field_name, alias_name_used) :
         new Item_outer_ref(context, ref, (char*) table_name,
                            (char*) field_name, alias_name_used)));
    *ref= save;
    if (!rf)
      return -1;

    if (place != IN_HAVING && select->group_list.elements)
    {
      outer_context->select_lex->inner_refs_list.push_back((Item_outer_ref*)rf);
      ((Item_outer_ref*)rf)->in_sum_func= thd->lex->in_sum_func;
    }
    thd->change_item_tree(reference, rf);
    /*
      rf is Item_ref => never substitute other items (in this case)
      during fix_fields() => we can use rf after fix_fields()
    */
    DBUG_ASSERT(!rf->fixed);                // Assured by Item_ref()
    if (rf->fix_fields(thd, reference) || rf->check_cols(1))
      return -1;

    mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                      context->select_lex, this,
                      rf);
    return 0;
  }
  else
  {
    mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                      context->select_lex,
                      this, (Item_ident*)*reference);
    if (last_checked_context->select_lex->having_fix_field)
    {
      Item_ref *rf;
      rf= new Item_ref(context,
                       (cached_table->db[0] ? cached_table->db : 0),
                       (char*) cached_table->alias, (char*) field_name);
      if (!rf)
        return -1;
      thd->change_item_tree(reference, rf);
      /*
        rf is Item_ref => never substitute other items (in this case)
        during fix_fields() => we can use rf after fix_fields()
      */
      DBUG_ASSERT(!rf->fixed);                // Assured by Item_ref()
      if (rf->fix_fields(thd, reference) || rf->check_cols(1))
        return -1;
      return 0;
    }
  }
  return 1;
}


bool Item_field::push_to_non_agg_fields(SELECT_LEX *select_lex)
{
  marker= select_lex->cur_pos_in_all_fields;
  /*
    Push expressions from the SELECT list to the back of the list, and
    expressions from GROUP BY/ORDER BY to the front of the list
    (non_agg_fields must have the same ordering as all_fields, see
    match_exprs_for_only_full_group_by()).
  */
  return (marker < 0) ?
    select_lex->non_agg_fields.push_front(this) :
    select_lex->non_agg_fields.push_back(this);
}


bool Item_field::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **reference)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);
  Field *from_field= (Field *)not_found_field;
  bool outer_fixed= false;

  if (!field)                                   // If field is not checked
  {
    /*
      In case of view, find_field_in_tables() write pointer to view field
      expression to 'reference', i.e. it substitute that expression instead
      of this Item_field
    */
    from_field= find_field_in_tables(thd, this,
                                     context->first_name_resolution_table,
                                     context->last_name_resolution_table,
                                     reference,
                                     thd->lex->use_only_table_context ?
                                       REPORT_ALL_ERRORS : 
                                       IGNORE_EXCEPT_NON_UNIQUE,
                                     !any_privileges, TRUE);
    if (thd->is_error())
      goto error;
    if (from_field == not_found_field)
    {
      int ret;
      /* Look up in current select's item_list to find aliased fields */
      if (thd->lex->current_select->is_item_list_lookup)
      {
        uint counter;
        enum_resolution_type resolution;
        Item** res= find_item_in_list(this, thd->lex->current_select->item_list,
                                      &counter, REPORT_EXCEPT_NOT_FOUND,
                                      &resolution);
        if (!res)
          return 1;
        if (resolution == RESOLVED_AGAINST_ALIAS)
          alias_name_used= TRUE;
        if (res != (Item **)not_found_item)
        {
          if ((*res)->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
          {
            /*
              It's an Item_field referencing another Item_field in the select
              list.
              Use the field from the Item_field in the select list and leave
              the Item_field instance in place.
            */

            Field *new_field= (*((Item_field**)res))->field;

            if (new_field == NULL)
            {
              /* The column to which we link isn't valid. */
              my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), (*res)->item_name.ptr(),
                       current_thd->where);
              return(1);
            }

            set_field(new_field);
            return 0;
          }
          else
          {
            /*
              It's not an Item_field in the select list so we must make a new
              Item_ref to point to the Item in the select list and replace the
              Item_field created by the parser with the new Item_ref.
              Ex: SELECT func1(col) as c ... ORDER BY func2(c);
              NOTE: If we are fixing an alias reference inside ORDER/GROUP BY
              item tree, then we use new Item_ref as an intermediate value
              to resolve referenced item only.
              In this case the new Item_ref item is unused.
            */
            Item_ref *rf= new Item_ref(context, db_name,table_name,field_name);
            if (!rf)
              return 1;

            bool save_group_fix_field= thd->lex->current_select->group_fix_field;
            /*
              No need for recursive resolving of aliases.
            */
            thd->lex->current_select->group_fix_field= 0;

            bool ret= rf->fix_fields(thd, (Item **) &rf) || rf->check_cols(1);
            thd->lex->current_select->group_fix_field= save_group_fix_field;
            if (ret)
              return TRUE;

            if (save_group_fix_field && alias_name_used)
              thd->change_item_tree(reference, *rf->ref);
            else
              thd->change_item_tree(reference, rf);

            return FALSE;
          }
        }
      }
      if ((ret= fix_outer_field(thd, &from_field, reference)) < 0)
        goto error;
      outer_fixed= TRUE;
      if (!ret)
        goto mark_non_agg_field;
    }
    else if (!from_field)
      goto error;

    /*
      We should resolve this as an outer field reference if
      1. we haven't done it before, and
      2. the select_lex of the table that contains this field is
         different from the select_lex of the current name resolution
         context.
     */
    if (!outer_fixed &&                                                    // 1
        cached_table && cached_table->select_lex && context->select_lex && // 2
        cached_table->select_lex != context->select_lex)
    {
      int ret;
      if ((ret= fix_outer_field(thd, &from_field, reference)) < 0)
        goto error;
      outer_fixed= 1;
      if (!ret)
        goto mark_non_agg_field;
    }

    /*
      if it is not expression from merged VIEW we will set this field.

      We can leave expression substituted from view for next PS/SP rexecution
      (i.e. do not register this substitution for reverting on cleanup()
      (register_item_tree_changing())), because this subtree will be
      fix_field'ed during setup_tables()->setup_underlying() (i.e. before
      all other expressions of query, and references on tables which do
      not present in query will not make problems.

      Also we suppose that view can't be changed during PS/SP life.
    */
    if (from_field == view_ref_found)
      return FALSE;

    set_field(from_field);
    if (thd->lex->in_sum_func &&
        thd->lex->in_sum_func->nest_level == 
        thd->lex->current_select->nest_level)
      set_if_bigger(thd->lex->in_sum_func->max_arg_level,
                    thd->lex->current_select->nest_level);
  }
  else if (thd->mark_used_columns != MARK_COLUMNS_NONE)
  {
    TABLE *table= field->table;
    MY_BITMAP *current_bitmap, *other_bitmap;
    if (thd->mark_used_columns == MARK_COLUMNS_READ)
    {
      current_bitmap= table->read_set;
      other_bitmap=   table->write_set;
    }
    else
    {
      current_bitmap= table->write_set;
      other_bitmap=   table->read_set;
    }
    if (!bitmap_fast_test_and_set(current_bitmap, field->field_index))
    {
      if (!bitmap_is_set(other_bitmap, field->field_index))
      {
        /* First usage of column */
        table->used_fields++;                     // Used to optimize loops
        /* purecov: begin inspected */
        table->covering_keys.intersect(field->part_of_key);
        /* purecov: end */
      }
    }
  }
#ifndef NO_EMBEDDED_ACCESS_CHECKS
  if (any_privileges)
  {
    char *db, *tab;
    db= cached_table->get_db_name();
    tab= cached_table->get_table_name();
    if (!(have_privileges= (get_column_grant(thd, &field->table->grant,
                                             db, tab, field_name) &
                            VIEW_ANY_ACL)))
    {
      my_error(ER_COLUMNACCESS_DENIED_ERROR, MYF(0),
               "ANY", thd->security_ctx->priv_user,
               thd->security_ctx->host_or_ip, field_name, tab);
      goto error;
    }
  }
#endif
  fixed= 1;
  if (!outer_fixed && !thd->lex->in_sum_func &&
      thd->lex->current_select->cur_pos_in_all_fields !=
      SELECT_LEX::ALL_FIELDS_UNDEF_POS)
  {
    // See same code in Field_iterator_table::create_item()
    if (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY)
      push_to_non_agg_fields(thd->lex->current_select);
    /*
      If (1) aggregation (2) without grouping, we may have to return a result
      row even if the nested loop finds nothing; in this result row,
      non-aggregated table columns present in the SELECT list will show a NULL
      value even if the table column itself is not nullable.
    */
    if (thd->lex->current_select->with_sum_func && // (1)
        !thd->lex->current_select->group_list.elements) // (2)
      maybe_null= true;
  }

mark_non_agg_field:
  if (fixed && thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY)
  {
    /*
      Mark selects according to presence of non aggregated columns.
      Columns from outer selects added to the aggregate function
      outer_fields list as its unknown at the moment whether it's
      aggregated or not.
      We're using either the select lex of the cached table (if present)
      or the field's resolution context. context->select_lex is 
      safe for use because it's either the SELECT we want to use 
      (the current level) or a stub added by non-SELECT queries.
    */
    SELECT_LEX *select_lex= cached_table ? 
      cached_table->select_lex : context->select_lex;
    if (!thd->lex->in_sum_func)
      select_lex->set_non_agg_field_used(true);
    else
    {
      if (outer_fixed)
        thd->lex->in_sum_func->outer_fields.push_back(this);
      else if (thd->lex->in_sum_func->nest_level !=
          thd->lex->current_select->nest_level)
        select_lex->set_non_agg_field_used(true);
    }
  }
  return FALSE;

error:
  context->process_error(thd);
  return TRUE;
}

Item *Item_field::safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  no_const_subst= 1;
  return Item::safe_charset_converter(tocs);
}


void Item_field::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_field::cleanup");
  Item_ident::cleanup();
  /*
    Even if this object was created by direct link to field in setup_wild()
    it will be linked correctly next time by name of field and table alias.
    I.e. we can drop 'field'.
   */
  field= result_field= 0;
  item_equal= NULL;
  null_value= FALSE;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

Item_equal *Item_field::find_item_equal(COND_EQUAL *cond_equal)
{
  Item_equal *item= 0;
  while (cond_equal)
  {
    List_iterator_fast<Item_equal> li(cond_equal->current_level);
    while ((item= li++))
    {
      if (item->contains(field))
        return item;
    }
    /* 
      The field is not found in any of the multiple equalities
      of the current level. Look for it in upper levels
    */
    cond_equal= cond_equal->upper_levels;
  }
  return 0;
}


bool Item_field::subst_argument_checker(uchar **arg)
{
  return (result_type() != STRING_RESULT) || (*arg);
}


static void convert_zerofill_number_to_string(Item **item, Field_num *field)
{
  char buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH],*pos;
  String tmp(buff,sizeof(buff), field->charset()), *res;

  res= (*item)->val_str(&tmp);
  if ((*item)->is_null())
    *item= new Item_null();
  else
  {
    field->prepend_zeros(res);
    pos= (char *) sql_strmake (res->ptr(), res->length());
    *item= new Item_string(pos, res->length(), field->charset());
  }
}


Item *Item_field::equal_fields_propagator(uchar *arg)
{
  if (no_const_subst)
    return this;
  item_equal= find_item_equal((COND_EQUAL *) arg);
  Item *item= 0;
  if (item_equal)
    item= item_equal->get_const();
  /*
    Disable const propagation for items used in different comparison contexts.
    This must be done because, for example, Item_hex_string->val_int() is not
    the same as (Item_hex_string->val_str() in BINARY column)->val_int().
    We cannot simply disable the replacement in a particular context (
    e.g. <bin_col> = <int_col> AND <bin_col> = <hex_string>) since
    Items don't know the context they are in and there are functions like 
    IF (<hex_string>, 'yes', 'no').
  */
  if (!item || !has_compatible_context(item))
    item= this;
  else if (field && (field->flags & ZEROFILL_FLAG) && IS_NUM(field->type()))
  {
    /*
      We don't need to zero-fill timestamp columns here because they will be 
      first converted to a string (in date/time format) and compared as such if
      compared with another string.
    */
    if (item && field->type() != FIELD_TYPE_TIMESTAMP && cmp_context != INT_RESULT)
      convert_zerofill_number_to_string(&item, (Field_num *)field);
    else
      item= this;
  }
  return item;
}


bool Item_field::set_no_const_sub(uchar *arg)
{
  if (field->charset() != &my_charset_bin)
    no_const_subst=1;
  return FALSE;
}


Item *Item_field::replace_equal_field(uchar *arg)
{
  if (item_equal)
  {
    Item *const_item= item_equal->get_const();
    if (const_item)
    {
      if (!has_compatible_context(const_item))
        return this;
      return const_item;
    }
    Item_field *subst= item_equal->get_subst_item(this);
    DBUG_ASSERT(subst);
    if (field->table != subst->field->table && !field->eq(subst->field))
      return subst;
  }
  return this;
}


void Item::init_make_field(Send_field *tmp_field,
                           enum enum_field_types field_type_arg)
{
  char *empty_name= (char*) "";
  tmp_field->db_name=           empty_name;
  tmp_field->org_table_name=    empty_name;
  tmp_field->org_col_name=      empty_name;
  tmp_field->table_name=        empty_name;
  tmp_field->col_name=          item_name.ptr();
  tmp_field->charsetnr=         collation.collation->number;
  tmp_field->flags=             (maybe_null ? 0 : NOT_NULL_FLAG) | 
                                (my_binary_compare(charset_for_protocol()) ?
                                 BINARY_FLAG : 0);
  tmp_field->type=              field_type_arg;
  tmp_field->length=max_length;
  tmp_field->decimals=decimals;
  if (unsigned_flag)
    tmp_field->flags |= UNSIGNED_FLAG;
}

void Item::make_field(Send_field *tmp_field)
{
  init_make_field(tmp_field, field_type());
}


enum_field_types Item::string_field_type() const
{
  enum_field_types f_type= MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
  if (max_length >= 16777216)
    f_type= MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB;
  else if (max_length >= 65536)
    f_type= MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB;
  return f_type;
}


void Item_empty_string::make_field(Send_field *tmp_field)
{
  init_make_field(tmp_field, string_field_type());
}


enum_field_types Item::field_type() const
{
  switch (result_type()) {
  case STRING_RESULT:  return string_field_type();
  case INT_RESULT:     return MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG;
  case DECIMAL_RESULT: return MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL;
  case REAL_RESULT:    return MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE;
  case ROW_RESULT:
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR;
  }
}


String *Item::check_well_formed_result(String *str, bool send_error)
{
  /* Check whether we got a well-formed string */
  const CHARSET_INFO *cs= str->charset();
  int well_formed_error;
  uint wlen= cs->cset->well_formed_len(cs,
                                       str->ptr(), str->ptr() + str->length(),
                                       str->length(), &well_formed_error);
  if (wlen < str->length())
  {
    THD *thd= current_thd;
    char hexbuf[7];
    uint diff= str->length() - wlen;
    set_if_smaller(diff, 3);
    octet2hex(hexbuf, str->ptr() + wlen, diff);
    if (send_error)
    {
      my_error(ER_INVALID_CHARACTER_STRING, MYF(0),
               cs->csname,  hexbuf);
      return 0;
    }
    if (thd->is_strict_mode())
    {
      null_value= 1;
      str= 0;
    }
    else
    {
      str->length(wlen);
    }
    push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN, ER_INVALID_CHARACTER_STRING,
                        ER(ER_INVALID_CHARACTER_STRING), cs->csname, hexbuf);
  }
  return str;
}

/*
  Compare two items using a given collation
  
  SYNOPSIS
    eq_by_collation()
    item               item to compare with
    binary_cmp         TRUE <-> compare as binaries
    cs                 collation to use when comparing strings

  DESCRIPTION
    This method works exactly as Item::eq if the collation cs coincides with
    the collation of the compared objects. Otherwise, first the collations that
    differ from cs are replaced for cs and then the items are compared by
    Item::eq. After the comparison the original collations of items are
    restored.

  RETURN
    1    compared items has been detected as equal   
    0    otherwise
*/

bool Item::eq_by_collation(Item *item, bool binary_cmp,
                           const CHARSET_INFO *cs)
{
  const CHARSET_INFO *save_cs= 0;
  const CHARSET_INFO *save_item_cs= 0;
  if (collation.collation != cs)
  {
    save_cs= collation.collation;
    collation.collation= cs;
  }
  if (item->collation.collation != cs)
  {
    save_item_cs= item->collation.collation;
    item->collation.collation= cs;
  }
  bool res= eq(item, binary_cmp);
  if (save_cs)
    collation.collation= save_cs;
  if (save_item_cs)
    item->collation.collation= save_item_cs;
  return res;
}  


bool Item::can_be_evaluated_now() const
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item::can_be_evaluated_now");

  if (tables_locked_cache)
    DBUG_RETURN(true);

  if (has_subquery() || has_stored_program())
    const_cast<Item*>(this)->tables_locked_cache=
                               current_thd->lex->is_query_tables_locked();
  else
    const_cast<Item*>(this)->tables_locked_cache= true;

  DBUG_RETURN(tables_locked_cache);
}


Field *Item::make_string_field(TABLE *table)
{
  Field *field;
  DBUG_ASSERT(collation.collation);
  if (max_length/collation.collation->mbmaxlen > CONVERT_IF_BIGGER_TO_BLOB)
    field= new Field_blob(max_length, maybe_null, item_name.ptr(),
                          collation.collation, TRUE);
  /* Item_type_holder holds the exact type, do not change it */
  else if (max_length > 0 &&
      (type() != Item::TYPE_HOLDER || field_type() != MYSQL_TYPE_STRING))
    field= new Field_varstring(max_length, maybe_null, item_name.ptr(),
                               table->s, collation.collation);
  else
    field= new Field_string(max_length, maybe_null, item_name.ptr(),
                            collation.collation);
  if (field)
    field->init(table);
  return field;
}


Field *Item::tmp_table_field_from_field_type(TABLE *table, bool fixed_length)
{
  /*
    The field functions defines a field to be not null if null_ptr is not 0
  */
  uchar *null_ptr= maybe_null ? (uchar*) "" : 0;
  Field *field;

  switch (field_type()) {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DECIMAL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL:
    field= Field_new_decimal::create_from_item(this);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY:
    field= new Field_tiny((uchar*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
                          item_name.ptr(), 0, unsigned_flag);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT:
    field= new Field_short((uchar*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
                           item_name.ptr(), 0, unsigned_flag);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG:
    field= new Field_long((uchar*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
                          item_name.ptr(), 0, unsigned_flag);
    break;
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG:
    field= new Field_longlong((uchar*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
                              item_name.ptr(), 0, unsigned_flag);
    break;
#endif
  case MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT:
    field= new Field_float((uchar*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
                           item_name.ptr(), decimals, 0, unsigned_flag);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
    field= new Field_double((uchar*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
                            item_name.ptr(), decimals, 0, unsigned_flag);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_INT24:
    field= new Field_medium((uchar*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
                            item_name.ptr(), 0, unsigned_flag);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDATE:
    field= new Field_newdate(maybe_null, item_name.ptr());
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
    field= new Field_timef(maybe_null, item_name.ptr(), decimals);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    field= new Field_timestampf(maybe_null, item_name.ptr(), decimals);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
    field= new Field_datetimef(maybe_null, item_name.ptr(), decimals);
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_YEAR:
    field= new Field_year((uchar*) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0, Field::NONE,
                          item_name.ptr());
    break;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT:
    field= new Field_bit_as_char(NULL, max_length, null_ptr, 0,
                                 Field::NONE, item_name.ptr());
    break;
  default:
    /* This case should never be chosen */
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    /* If something goes awfully wrong, it's better to get a string than die */
  case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NULL:
    if (fixed_length && max_length < CONVERT_IF_BIGGER_TO_BLOB)
    {
      field= new Field_string(max_length, maybe_null, item_name.ptr(),
                              collation.collation);
      break;
    }
    /* Fall through to make_string_field() */
  case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
    return make_string_field(table);
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
    if (this->type() == Item::TYPE_HOLDER)
      field= new Field_blob(max_length, maybe_null, item_name.ptr(), collation.collation,
                            1);
    else
      field= new Field_blob(max_length, maybe_null, item_name.ptr(), collation.collation);
    break;                                      // Blob handled outside of case
#ifdef HAVE_SPATIAL
  case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
    field= new Field_geom(max_length, maybe_null,
                          item_name.ptr(), table->s, get_geometry_type());
#endif /* HAVE_SPATIAL */
  }
  if (field)
    field->init(table);
  return field;
}


/* ARGSUSED */
void Item_field::make_field(Send_field *tmp_field)
{
  field->make_field(tmp_field);
  DBUG_ASSERT(tmp_field->table_name != 0);
  if (item_name.is_set())
    tmp_field->col_name= item_name.ptr();  // Use user supplied name
  if (table_name)
    tmp_field->table_name= table_name;
  if (db_name)
    tmp_field->db_name= db_name;
}


void Item_field::save_org_in_field(Field *to)
{
  if (field->is_null())
  {
    null_value=1;
    set_field_to_null_with_conversions(to, true);
  }
  else
  {
    to->set_notnull();
    field_conv(to,field);
    null_value=0;
  }
}

type_conversion_status
Item_field::save_in_field(Field *to, bool no_conversions)
{
  type_conversion_status res;
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_field::save_in_field");
  if (result_field->is_null())
  {
    null_value=1;
    DBUG_RETURN(set_field_to_null_with_conversions(to, no_conversions));
  }
  to->set_notnull();

  /*
    If we're setting the same field as the one we're reading from there's 
    nothing to do. This can happen in 'SET x = x' type of scenarios.
  */  
  if (to == result_field)
  {
    null_value=0;
    DBUG_RETURN(TYPE_OK);
  }

  res= field_conv(to,result_field);
  null_value=0;
  DBUG_RETURN(res);
}


type_conversion_status
Item_null::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
}


type_conversion_status Item_null::save_safe_in_field(Field *field)
{
  return set_field_to_null(field);
}


/*
  This implementation can lose str_value content, so if the
  Item uses str_value to store something, it should
  reimplement it's ::save_in_field() as Item_string, for example, does.

  Note: all Item_XXX::val_str(str) methods must NOT rely on the fact that
  str != str_value. For example, see fix for bug #44743.
*/

type_conversion_status
Item::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  type_conversion_status error;
  if (result_type() == STRING_RESULT)
  {
    String *result;
    const CHARSET_INFO *cs= collation.collation;
    char buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];         // Alloc buffer for small columns
    str_value.set_quick(buff, sizeof(buff), cs);
    result=val_str(&str_value);
    if (null_value)
    {
      str_value.set_quick(0, 0, cs);
      return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
    }

    /* NOTE: If null_value == FALSE, "result" must be not NULL.  */

    field->set_notnull();
    error=field->store(result->ptr(),result->length(),cs);
    str_value.set_quick(0, 0, cs);
  }
  else if (result_type() == REAL_RESULT &&
           field->result_type() == STRING_RESULT)
  {
    double nr= val_real();
    if (null_value)
      return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
    field->set_notnull();
    error= field->store(nr);
  }
  else if (result_type() == REAL_RESULT)
  {
    double nr= val_real();
    if (null_value)
      return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
    field->set_notnull();
    error=field->store(nr);
  }
  else if (result_type() == DECIMAL_RESULT)
  {
    my_decimal decimal_value;
    my_decimal *value= val_decimal(&decimal_value);
    if (null_value)
      return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
    field->set_notnull();
    error=field->store_decimal(value);
  }
  else
  {
    longlong nr=val_int();
    if (null_value)
      return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
    field->set_notnull();
    error=field->store(nr, unsigned_flag);
  }
  return error ? error : (field->table->in_use->is_error() ?
                          TYPE_ERR_BAD_VALUE : TYPE_OK);
}


type_conversion_status
Item_string::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  String *result;
  result=val_str(&str_value);
  return save_str_value_in_field(field, result);
}


type_conversion_status
Item_uint::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  /* Item_int::save_in_field handles both signed and unsigned. */
  return Item_int::save_in_field(field, no_conversions);
}

static type_conversion_status
save_int_value_in_field (Field *field, longlong nr,
                         bool null_value, bool unsigned_flag)
{
  // TODO: call set_field_to_null_with_conversions below
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store(nr, unsigned_flag);
}


type_conversion_status
Item_int::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  return save_int_value_in_field (field, val_int(), null_value,
                                  unsigned_flag);
}


type_conversion_status
Item_temporal::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  longlong nr= field->is_temporal_with_time() ?
               val_temporal_with_round(field->type(), field->decimals()) :
               val_date_temporal();
  // TODO: call set_field_to_null_with_conversions below
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store_packed(nr);
}


type_conversion_status
Item_decimal::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store_decimal(&decimal_value);
}


bool Item_int::eq(const Item *arg, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  /* No need to check for null value as basic constant can't be NULL */
  if (arg->basic_const_item() && arg->type() == type())
  {
    /*
      We need to cast off const to call val_int(). This should be OK for
      a basic constant.
    */
    Item *item= (Item*) arg;
    return item->val_int() == value && item->unsigned_flag == unsigned_flag;
  }
  return FALSE;
}


Item *Item_int_with_ref::clone_item()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(ref->const_item());
  /*
    We need to evaluate the constant to make sure it works with
    parameter markers.
  */
  return (ref->unsigned_flag ?
          new Item_uint(ref->item_name, ref->val_int(), ref->max_length) :
          new Item_int(ref->item_name, ref->val_int(), ref->max_length));
}


Item *Item_time_with_ref::clone_item()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(ref->const_item());
  /*
    We need to evaluate the constant to make sure it works with
    parameter markers.
  */
  return new Item_temporal(MYSQL_TYPE_TIME, ref->item_name,
                           ref->val_time_temporal(), ref->max_length);
}


Item *Item_datetime_with_ref::clone_item()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(ref->const_item());
  /*
    We need to evaluate the constant to make sure it works with
    parameter markers.
  */
  return new Item_temporal(MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME, ref->item_name,
                           ref->val_date_temporal(), ref->max_length);
}


void Item_temporal_with_ref::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  char buff[MAX_DATE_STRING_REP_LENGTH];
  MYSQL_TIME ltime;
  TIME_from_longlong_packed(&ltime, field_type(), value);
  str->append("'");
  my_TIME_to_str(&ltime, buff, decimals);
  str->append(buff);
  str->append('\'');
}


Item_num *Item_uint::neg()
{
  Item_decimal *item= new Item_decimal(value, 1);
  return item->neg();
}


static uint nr_of_decimals(const char *str, const char *end)
{
  const char *decimal_point;

  /* Find position for '.' */
  for (;;)
  {
    if (str == end)
      return 0;
    if (*str == 'e' || *str == 'E')
      return NOT_FIXED_DEC;    
    if (*str++ == '.')
      break;
  }
  decimal_point= str;
  for ( ; str < end && my_isdigit(system_charset_info, *str) ; str++)
    ;
  if (str < end && (*str == 'e' || *str == 'E'))
    return NOT_FIXED_DEC;
  /*
    QQ:
    The number of decimal digist in fact should be (str - decimal_point - 1).
    But it seems the result of nr_of_decimals() is never used!

    In case of 'e' and 'E' nr_of_decimals returns NOT_FIXED_DEC.
    In case if there is no 'e' or 'E' parser code in sql_yacc.yy
    never calls Item_float::Item_float() - it creates Item_decimal instead.

    The only piece of code where we call Item_float::Item_float(str, len)
    without having 'e' or 'E' is item_xmlfunc.cc, but this Item_float
    never appears in metadata itself. Changing the code to return
    (str - decimal_point - 1) does not make any changes in the test results.

    This should be addressed somehow.
    Looks like a reminder from before real DECIMAL times.
  */
  return (uint) (str - decimal_point);
}


Item_float::Item_float(const char *str_arg, uint length)
{
  int error;
  char *end_not_used;
  value= my_strntod(&my_charset_bin, (char*) str_arg, length, &end_not_used,
                    &error);
  if (error)
  {
    char tmp[NAME_LEN + 1];
    my_snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%.*s", length, str_arg);
    my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_VALUE_FOR_TYPE, MYF(0), "double", tmp);
  }
  presentation.copy(str_arg, length);
  item_name.copy(str_arg, length);
  decimals=(uint8) nr_of_decimals(str_arg, str_arg+length);
  max_length=length;
  fixed= 1;
}


type_conversion_status
Item_float::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  double nr= val_real();
  // TODO: call set_field_to_null_with_conversions below
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null(field);
  field->set_notnull();
  return field->store(nr);
}


void Item_float::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  if (presentation.ptr())
  {
    str->append(presentation.ptr());
    return;
  }
  char buffer[20];
  String num(buffer, sizeof(buffer), &my_charset_bin);
  num.set_real(value, decimals, &my_charset_bin);
  str->append(num);
}


/*
  hex item
  In string context this is a binary string.
  In number context this is a longlong value.
*/

bool Item_float::eq(const Item *arg, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (arg->basic_const_item() && arg->type() == type())
  {
    /*
      We need to cast off const to call val_int(). This should be OK for
      a basic constant.
    */
    Item *item= (Item*) arg;
    return item->val_real() == value;
  }
  return FALSE;
}


inline uint char_val(char X)
{
  return (uint) (X >= '0' && X <= '9' ? X-'0' :
                 X >= 'A' && X <= 'Z' ? X-'A'+10 :
                 X-'a'+10);
}

Item_hex_string::Item_hex_string()
{
  hex_string_init("", 0);
}

Item_hex_string::Item_hex_string(const char *str, uint str_length)
{
  hex_string_init(str, str_length);
}

void Item_hex_string::hex_string_init(const char *str, uint str_length)
{
  max_length=(str_length+1)/2;
  char *ptr=(char*) sql_alloc(max_length+1);
  if (!ptr)
  {
    str_value.set("", 0, &my_charset_bin);
    return;
  }
  str_value.set(ptr,max_length,&my_charset_bin);
  char *end=ptr+max_length;
  if (max_length*2 != str_length)
    *ptr++=char_val(*str++);                    // Not even, assume 0 prefix
  while (ptr != end)
  {
    *ptr++= (char) (char_val(str[0])*16+char_val(str[1]));
    str+=2;
  }
  *ptr=0;                                       // Keep purify happy
  collation.set(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  fixed= 1;
  unsigned_flag= 1;
}

longlong Item_hex_string::val_int()
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  char *end=(char*) str_value.ptr()+str_value.length(),
       *ptr= end - min<size_t>(str_value.length(), sizeof(longlong));

  ulonglong value=0;
  for (; ptr != end ; ptr++)
    value=(value << 8)+ (ulonglong) (uchar) *ptr;
  return (longlong) value;
}


my_decimal *Item_hex_string::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  // following assert is redundant, because fixed=1 assigned in constructor
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  ulonglong value= (ulonglong)val_int();
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, TRUE, decimal_value);
  return (decimal_value);
}


type_conversion_status
Item_hex_string::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  field->set_notnull();
  if (field->result_type() == STRING_RESULT)
    return field->store(str_value.ptr(), str_value.length(), 
                        collation.collation);

  ulonglong nr;
  uint32 length= str_value.length();
  if (!length)
  {
    field->reset();
    return TYPE_WARN_OUT_OF_RANGE;
  }
  if (length > 8)
  {
    nr= field->flags & UNSIGNED_FLAG ? ULONGLONG_MAX : LONGLONG_MAX;
    goto warn;
  }
  nr= (ulonglong) val_int();
  if ((length == 8) && !(field->flags & UNSIGNED_FLAG) && (nr > LONGLONG_MAX))
  {
    nr= LONGLONG_MAX;
    goto warn;
  }
  return field->store((longlong) nr, TRUE);  // Assume hex numbers are unsigned

warn:
  const type_conversion_status res= field->store((longlong) nr, TRUE);
  if (res == TYPE_OK)
    field->set_warning(Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                       ER_WARN_DATA_OUT_OF_RANGE, 1);
  return res;
}


void Item_hex_string::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  char *end= (char*) str_value.ptr() + str_value.length(),
       *ptr= end - min<size_t>(str_value.length(), sizeof(longlong));
  str->append("0x");
  for (; ptr != end ; ptr++)
  {
    str->append(_dig_vec_lower[((uchar) *ptr) >> 4]);
    str->append(_dig_vec_lower[((uchar) *ptr) & 0x0F]);
  }
}


bool Item_hex_string::eq(const Item *arg, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (arg->basic_const_item() && arg->type() == type())
  {
    if (binary_cmp)
      return !stringcmp(&str_value, &arg->str_value);
    return !sortcmp(&str_value, &arg->str_value, collation.collation);
  }
  return FALSE;
}


Item *Item_hex_string::safe_charset_converter(const CHARSET_INFO *tocs)
{
  Item_string *conv;
  String tmp, *str= val_str(&tmp);

  if (!(conv= new Item_string(str->ptr(), str->length(), tocs)))
    return NULL;
  conv->str_value.copy();
  conv->str_value.mark_as_const();
  return conv;
}


/*
  bin item.
  In string context this is a binary string.
  In number context this is a longlong value.
*/
  
Item_bin_string::Item_bin_string(const char *str, uint str_length)
{
  const char *end= str + str_length - 1;
  uchar bits= 0;
  uint power= 1;

  max_length= (str_length + 7) >> 3;
  char *ptr= (char*) sql_alloc(max_length + 1);
  if (!ptr)
    return;
  str_value.set(ptr, max_length, &my_charset_bin);

  if (max_length > 0)
  {
    ptr+= max_length - 1;
    ptr[1]= 0;                     // Set end null for string
    for (; end >= str; end--)
    {
      if (power == 256)
      {
        power= 1;
        *ptr--= bits;
        bits= 0;
      }
      if (*end == '1')
        bits|= power;
      power<<= 1;
    }
    *ptr= (char) bits;
  }
  else
    ptr[0]= 0;

  collation.set(&my_charset_bin, DERIVATION_COERCIBLE);
  fixed= 1;
}


bool Item_null::send(Protocol *protocol, String *packet)
{
  return protocol->store_null();
}

bool Item::send(Protocol *protocol, String *buffer)
{
  bool UNINIT_VAR(result);                       // Will be set if null_value == 0
  enum_field_types f_type;

  switch ((f_type=field_type())) {
  default:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NULL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DECIMAL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL:
  {
    String *res;
    if ((res=val_str(buffer)))
      result= protocol->store(res->ptr(),res->length(),res->charset());
    else
    {
      DBUG_ASSERT(null_value);
    }
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY:
  {
    longlong nr;
    nr= val_int();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_tiny(nr);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_YEAR:
  {
    longlong nr;
    nr= val_int();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_short(nr);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_INT24:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG:
  {
    longlong nr;
    nr= val_int();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_long(nr);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG:
  {
    longlong nr;
    nr= val_int();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_longlong(nr, unsigned_flag);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT:
  {
    float nr;
    nr= (float) val_real();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store(nr, decimals, buffer);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
  {
    double nr= val_real();
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store(nr, decimals, buffer);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
  {
    MYSQL_TIME tm;
    get_date(&tm, TIME_FUZZY_DATE);
    if (!null_value)
      result= (f_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DATE) ? protocol->store_date(&tm) :
                                            protocol->store(&tm, decimals);
    break;
  }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
  {
    MYSQL_TIME tm;
    get_time(&tm);
    if (!null_value)
      result= protocol->store_time(&tm, decimals);
    break;
  }
  }
  if (null_value)
    result= protocol->store_null();
  return result;
}


bool Item::cache_const_expr_analyzer(uchar **arg)
{
  Item **cache_item= (Item **)*arg;
  if (!*cache_item)
  {
    Item *item= real_item();
    /*
      Cache constant items unless it's a basic constant, constant field or
      a subquery (they use their own cache), or it is already cached.
    */
    if (const_item() &&
        !(basic_const_item() || item->basic_const_item() ||
          item->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM ||
          item->type() == SUBSELECT_ITEM ||
          item->type() == CACHE_ITEM ||
           /*
             Do not cache GET_USER_VAR() function as its const_item() may
             return TRUE for the current thread but it still may change
             during the execution.
           */
          (item->type() == Item::FUNC_ITEM &&
           ((Item_func*)item)->functype() == Item_func::GUSERVAR_FUNC)))
      /*
        Note that we use cache_item as a flag (NULL vs non-NULL), but we
        are storing the pointer so that we can assert that we cache the
        correct item in Item::cache_const_expr_transformer().
      */
      *cache_item= this;
    /*
      If this item will be cached, no need to explore items further down
      in the tree, but the transformer must be called, so return 'true'.
      If this item will not be cached, items further doen in the tree
      must be explored, so return 'true'.
    */
    return true;
  }
  /*
    An item above in the tree is to be cached, so need to cache the present
    item, and no need to go down the tree.
  */
  return false;
}


Item* Item::cache_const_expr_transformer(uchar *arg)
{
  Item **item= (Item **)arg;
  if (*item)            // Item is to be cached, note that it is used as a flag
  {
    DBUG_ASSERT(*item == this);
    /*
      Flag applies to present item, must reset it so it does not affect
      the parent item.
    */
    *((Item **)arg)= NULL;
    Item_cache *cache= Item_cache::get_cache(this);
    if (!cache)
      return NULL;
    cache->setup(this);
    cache->store(this);
    return cache;
  }
  return this;
}


bool Item_field::item_field_by_name_analyzer(uchar **arg)
{
  const char *name= reinterpret_cast<char*>(*arg);
  
  if (strcmp(field_name, name) == 0)
    return true;
  else
    return false;
}


Item* Item_field::item_field_by_name_transformer(uchar *arg)
{
  Item *item= reinterpret_cast<Item*>(arg);
  item->item_name= item_name;
  return item;
}


bool Item_field::send(Protocol *protocol, String *buffer)
{
  return protocol->store(result_field);
}


void Item_field::update_null_value() 
{ 
  /* 
    need to set no_errors to prevent warnings about type conversion 
    popping up.
  */
  THD *thd= field->table->in_use;
  int no_errors;

  no_errors= thd->no_errors;
  thd->no_errors= 1;
  Item::update_null_value();
  thd->no_errors= no_errors;
}


/*
  Add the field to the select list and substitute it for the reference to
  the field.

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_field::update_value_transformer()
    select_arg      current select

  DESCRIPTION
    If the field doesn't belong to the table being inserted into then it is
    added to the select list, pointer to it is stored in the ref_pointer_array
    of the select and the field itself is substituted for the Item_ref object.
    This is done in order to get correct values from update fields that
    belongs to the SELECT part in the INSERT .. SELECT .. ON DUPLICATE KEY
    UPDATE statement.

  RETURN
    0             if error occured
    ref           if all conditions are met
    this field    otherwise
*/

Item *Item_field::update_value_transformer(uchar *select_arg)
{
  SELECT_LEX *select= (SELECT_LEX*)select_arg;
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);

  if (field->table != select->context.table_list->table &&
      type() != Item::TRIGGER_FIELD_ITEM)
  {
    List<Item> *all_fields= &select->join->all_fields;
    Ref_ptr_array &ref_pointer_array= select->ref_pointer_array;
    int el= all_fields->elements;
    Item_ref *ref;

    ref_pointer_array[el]= (Item*)this;
    all_fields->push_front((Item*)this);
    ref= new Item_ref(&select->context, &ref_pointer_array[el],
                      table_name, field_name);
    return ref;
  }
  return this;
}


void Item_field::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  if (field && field->table->const_table)
  {
    char buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];
    String tmp(buff,sizeof(buff),str->charset());
    field->val_str(&tmp);
    if (field->is_null())
      str->append("NULL");
    else
    {
      str->append('\'');
      str->append(tmp);
      str->append('\'');
    }
    return;
  }
  Item_ident::print(str, query_type);
}


Item_ref::Item_ref(Name_resolution_context *context_arg,
                   Item **item, const char *table_name_arg,
                   const char *field_name_arg,
                   bool alias_name_used_arg)
  :Item_ident(context_arg, NullS, table_name_arg, field_name_arg),
   result_field(0), ref(item)
{
  alias_name_used= alias_name_used_arg;
  /*
    This constructor used to create some internals references over fixed items
  */
  if (ref && *ref && (*ref)->fixed)
    set_properties();
}


bool Item_ref::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **reference)
{
  enum_parsing_place place= NO_MATTER;
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);
  SELECT_LEX *current_sel= thd->lex->current_select;

  if (!ref || ref == not_found_item)
  {
    if (!(ref= resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(thd, this,
                                               context->select_lex)))
      goto error;             /* Some error occurred (e.g. ambiguous names). */

    if (ref == not_found_item) /* This reference was not resolved. */
    {
      Name_resolution_context *last_checked_context= context;
      Name_resolution_context *outer_context= context->outer_context;
      Field *from_field;
      ref= 0;

      if (!outer_context)
      {
        /* The current reference cannot be resolved in this query. */
        my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR,MYF(0),
                 this->full_name(), current_thd->where);
        goto error;
      }

      /*
        If there is an outer context (select), and it is not a derived table
        (which do not support the use of outer fields for now), try to
        resolve this reference in the outer select(s).

        We treat each subselect as a separate namespace, so that different
        subselects may contain columns with the same names. The subselects are
        searched starting from the innermost.
      */
      from_field= (Field*) not_found_field;

      do
      {
        SELECT_LEX *select= outer_context->select_lex;
        Item_subselect *prev_subselect_item=
          last_checked_context->select_lex->master_unit()->item;
        last_checked_context= outer_context;

        /* Search in the SELECT and GROUP lists of the outer select. */
        if (outer_context->resolve_in_select_list)
        {
          if (!(ref= resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(thd, this, select)))
            goto error; /* Some error occurred (e.g. ambiguous names). */
          if (ref != not_found_item)
          {
            DBUG_ASSERT(is_fixed_or_outer_ref(*ref));
            prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= (*ref)->used_tables();
            prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache&= (*ref)->const_item();
            break;
          }
          /*
            Set ref to 0 to ensure that we get an error in case we replaced
            this item with another item and still use this item in some
            other place of the parse tree.
          */
          ref= 0;
        }

        place= prev_subselect_item->parsing_place;
        /*
          Check table fields only if the subquery is used somewhere out of
          HAVING or the outer SELECT does not use grouping (i.e. tables are
          accessible).
          TODO:
          Here we could first find the field anyway, and then test this
          condition, so that we can give a better error message -
          ER_WRONG_FIELD_WITH_GROUP, instead of the less informative
          ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR which we produce now.
        */
        if ((place != IN_HAVING ||
             (!select->with_sum_func &&
              select->group_list.elements == 0)))
        {
          /*
            In case of view, find_field_in_tables() write pointer to view
            field expression to 'reference', i.e. it substitute that
            expression instead of this Item_ref
          */
          from_field= find_field_in_tables(thd, this,
                                           outer_context->
                                             first_name_resolution_table,
                                           outer_context->
                                             last_name_resolution_table,
                                           reference,
                                           IGNORE_EXCEPT_NON_UNIQUE,
                                           TRUE, TRUE);
          if (! from_field)
            goto error;
          if (from_field == view_ref_found)
          {
            Item::Type refer_type= (*reference)->type();
            prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|=
              (*reference)->used_tables();
            prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache&=
              (*reference)->const_item();
            DBUG_ASSERT((*reference)->type() == REF_ITEM);
            mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                              context->select_lex, this,
                              ((refer_type == REF_ITEM ||
                                refer_type == FIELD_ITEM) ?
                               (Item_ident*) (*reference) :
                               0));
            /*
              view reference found, we substituted it instead of this
              Item, so can quit
            */
            return FALSE;
          }
          if (from_field != not_found_field)
          {
            if (cached_table && cached_table->select_lex &&
                outer_context->select_lex &&
                cached_table->select_lex != outer_context->select_lex)
            {
              /*
                Due to cache, find_field_in_tables() can return field which
                doesn't belong to provided outer_context. In this case we have
                to find proper field context in order to fix field correcly.
              */
              do
              {
                outer_context= outer_context->outer_context;
                select= outer_context->select_lex;
                prev_subselect_item=
                  last_checked_context->select_lex->master_unit()->item;
                last_checked_context= outer_context;
              } while (outer_context && outer_context->select_lex &&
                       cached_table->select_lex != outer_context->select_lex);
            }
            prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= from_field->table->map;
            prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;
            break;
          }
        }
        DBUG_ASSERT(from_field == not_found_field);

        /* Reference is not found => depend on outer (or just error). */
        prev_subselect_item->used_tables_cache|= OUTER_REF_TABLE_BIT;
        prev_subselect_item->const_item_cache= 0;

        outer_context= outer_context->outer_context;
      } while (outer_context);

      DBUG_ASSERT(from_field != 0 && from_field != view_ref_found);
      if (from_field != not_found_field)
      {
        Item_field* fld;

        {
          Prepared_stmt_arena_holder ps_arena_holder(thd);
          fld= new Item_field(thd, last_checked_context, from_field);

          if (!fld)
            goto error;
        }

        thd->change_item_tree(reference, fld);
        mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                          thd->lex->current_select, this, fld);
        /*
          A reference is resolved to a nest level that's outer or the same as
          the nest level of the enclosing set function : adjust the value of
          max_arg_level for the function if it's needed.
        */
        if (thd->lex->in_sum_func &&
            thd->lex->in_sum_func->nest_level >= 
            last_checked_context->select_lex->nest_level)
          set_if_bigger(thd->lex->in_sum_func->max_arg_level,
                        last_checked_context->select_lex->nest_level);
        return FALSE;
      }
      if (ref == 0)
      {
        /* The item was not a table field and not a reference */
        my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0),
                 this->full_name(), current_thd->where);
        goto error;
      }
      /* Should be checked in resolve_ref_in_select_and_group(). */
      DBUG_ASSERT(is_fixed_or_outer_ref(*ref));
      mark_as_dependent(thd, last_checked_context->select_lex,
                        context->select_lex, this, this);
      /*
        A reference is resolved to a nest level that's outer or the same as
        the nest level of the enclosing set function : adjust the value of
        max_arg_level for the function if it's needed.
      */
      if (thd->lex->in_sum_func &&
          thd->lex->in_sum_func->nest_level >= 
          last_checked_context->select_lex->nest_level)
        set_if_bigger(thd->lex->in_sum_func->max_arg_level,
                      last_checked_context->select_lex->nest_level);
    }
  }

  DBUG_ASSERT(*ref);
  /*
    Check if this is an incorrect reference in a group function or forward
    reference. Do not issue an error if this is:
      1. outer reference (will be fixed later by the fix_inner_refs function);
      2. an unnamed reference inside an aggregate function.
  */
  if (!((*ref)->type() == REF_ITEM &&
       ((Item_ref *)(*ref))->ref_type() == OUTER_REF) &&
      (((*ref)->with_sum_func && item_name.ptr() &&
        !(current_sel->linkage != GLOBAL_OPTIONS_TYPE &&
          current_sel->having_fix_field)) ||
       !(*ref)->fixed))
  {
    my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_REFERENCE, MYF(0),
             item_name.ptr(), ((*ref)->with_sum_func?
                    "reference to group function":
                    "forward reference in item list"));
    goto error;
  }

  set_properties();

  if ((*ref)->check_cols(1))
    goto error;
  return FALSE;

error:
  context->process_error(thd);
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_ref::set_properties()
{
  max_length= (*ref)->max_length;
  maybe_null= (*ref)->maybe_null;
  decimals=   (*ref)->decimals;
  collation.set((*ref)->collation);
  /*
    We have to remember if we refer to a sum function, to ensure that
    split_sum_func() doesn't try to change the reference.
  */
  with_sum_func= (*ref)->with_sum_func;
  unsigned_flag= (*ref)->unsigned_flag;
  fixed= 1;
  if (alias_name_used)
    return;
  if ((*ref)->type() == FIELD_ITEM)
    alias_name_used= ((Item_ident *) (*ref))->alias_name_used;
  else
    alias_name_used= TRUE; // it is not field, so it is was resolved by alias
}


void Item_ref::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_ref::cleanup");
  Item_ident::cleanup();
  result_field= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


Item* Item_ref::transform(Item_transformer transformer, uchar *arg)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(!current_thd->stmt_arena->is_stmt_prepare());
  DBUG_ASSERT((*ref) != NULL);

  /* Transform the object we are referencing. */
  Item *new_item= (*ref)->transform(transformer, arg);
  if (!new_item)
    return NULL;

  /*
    If the object is transformed into a new object, discard the Item_ref
    object and return the new object as result.
  */
  if (new_item != *ref)
    return new_item;

  /* Transform the item ref object. */
  Item *transformed_item= (this->*transformer)(arg);
  DBUG_ASSERT(transformed_item == this);
  return transformed_item;
}


Item* Item_ref::compile(Item_analyzer analyzer, uchar **arg_p,
                        Item_transformer transformer, uchar *arg_t)
{
  if (!(this->*analyzer)(arg_p))
    return this;

  DBUG_ASSERT((*ref) != NULL);
  Item *new_item= (*ref)->compile(analyzer, arg_p, transformer, arg_t);
  if (new_item == NULL)
    return NULL;

  /*
    If the object is compiled into a new object, discard the Item_ref
    object and return the new object as result.
  */
  if (new_item != *ref)
    return new_item;
  
  return (this->*transformer)(arg_t);
}


void Item_ref::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  if (ref)
  {
    if ((*ref)->type() != Item::CACHE_ITEM && ref_type() != VIEW_REF &&
        !table_name && item_name.ptr() && alias_name_used)
    {
      THD *thd= current_thd;
      append_identifier(thd, str, (*ref)->real_item()->item_name);
    }
    else
      (*ref)->print(str, query_type);
  }
  else
    Item_ident::print(str, query_type);
}


bool Item_ref::send(Protocol *prot, String *tmp)
{
  if (result_field)
    return prot->store(result_field);
  return (*ref)->send(prot, tmp);
}


double Item_ref::val_result()
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0.0;
    return result_field->val_real();
  }
  return val_real();
}


bool Item_ref::is_null_result()
{
  if (result_field)
    return (null_value=result_field->is_null());

  return is_null();
}


longlong Item_ref::val_int_result()
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0;
    return result_field->val_int();
  }
  return val_int();
}


String *Item_ref::str_result(String* str)
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0;
    str->set_charset(str_value.charset());
    return result_field->val_str(str, &str_value);
  }
  return val_str(str);
}


my_decimal *Item_ref::val_decimal_result(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0;
    return result_field->val_decimal(decimal_value);
  }
  return val_decimal(decimal_value);
}


bool Item_ref::val_bool_result()
{
  if (result_field)
  {
    if ((null_value= result_field->is_null()))
      return 0;
    switch (result_field->result_type()) {
    case INT_RESULT:
      return result_field->val_int() != 0;
    case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    {
      my_decimal decimal_value;
      my_decimal *val= result_field->val_decimal(&decimal_value);
      if (val)
        return !my_decimal_is_zero(val);
      return 0;
    }
    case REAL_RESULT:
    case STRING_RESULT:
      return result_field->val_real() != 0.0;
    case ROW_RESULT:
    default:
      DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    }
  }
  return val_bool();
}


double Item_ref::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  double tmp=(*ref)->val_result();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_ref::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  longlong tmp=(*ref)->val_int_result();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_ref::val_time_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  DBUG_ASSERT((*ref)->is_temporal());
  longlong tmp= (*ref)->val_time_temporal_result();
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_ref::val_date_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  DBUG_ASSERT((*ref)->is_temporal());
  longlong tmp= (*ref)->val_date_temporal_result();
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_ref::val_bool()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  bool tmp= (*ref)->val_bool_result();
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


String *Item_ref::val_str(String* tmp)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  tmp=(*ref)->str_result(tmp);
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_ref::is_null()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  bool tmp=(*ref)->is_null_result();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_ref::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  return (null_value=(*ref)->get_date_result(ltime,fuzzydate));
}


my_decimal *Item_ref::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  my_decimal *val= (*ref)->val_decimal_result(decimal_value);
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return val;
}

type_conversion_status
Item_ref::save_in_field(Field *to, bool no_conversions)
{
  type_conversion_status res;
  if (result_field)
  {
    if (result_field->is_null())
    {
      null_value= 1;
      res= set_field_to_null_with_conversions(to, no_conversions);
      return res;
    }
    to->set_notnull();
    res= field_conv(to, result_field);
    null_value= 0;
    return res;
  }
  res= (*ref)->save_in_field(to, no_conversions);
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return res;
}


void Item_ref::save_org_in_field(Field *field)
{
  (*ref)->save_org_in_field(field);
}


void Item_ref::make_field(Send_field *field)
{
  (*ref)->make_field(field);
  /* Non-zero in case of a view */
  if (item_name.is_set())
    field->col_name= item_name.ptr();
  if (table_name)
    field->table_name= table_name;
  if (db_name)
    field->db_name= db_name;
  if (orig_field_name)
    field->org_col_name= orig_field_name;
  if (orig_table_name)
    field->org_table_name= orig_table_name;
}


Item *Item_ref::get_tmp_table_item(THD *thd)
{
  if (!result_field)
    return (*ref)->get_tmp_table_item(thd);

  Item_field *item= new Item_field(result_field);
  if (item)
  {
    item->table_name= table_name;
    item->db_name= db_name;
  }
  return item;
}


void Item_ref_null_helper::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<ref_null_helper>("));
  if (ref)
    (*ref)->print(str, query_type);
  else
    str->append('?');
  str->append(')');
}


double Item_direct_ref::val_real()
{
  double tmp=(*ref)->val_real();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_direct_ref::val_int()
{
  longlong tmp=(*ref)->val_int();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_direct_ref::val_time_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT((*ref)->is_temporal());
  longlong tmp= (*ref)->val_time_temporal();
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


longlong Item_direct_ref::val_date_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT((*ref)->is_temporal());
  longlong tmp= (*ref)->val_date_temporal();
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


String *Item_direct_ref::val_str(String* tmp)
{
  tmp=(*ref)->val_str(tmp);
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


my_decimal *Item_direct_ref::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_value)
{
  my_decimal *tmp= (*ref)->val_decimal(decimal_value);
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_direct_ref::val_bool()
{
  bool tmp= (*ref)->val_bool();
  null_value=(*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_direct_ref::is_null()
{
  return (*ref)->is_null();
}


bool Item_direct_ref::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime,uint fuzzydate)
{
  bool tmp= (*ref)->get_date(ltime, fuzzydate);
  null_value= (*ref)->null_value;
  return tmp;
}


bool Item_direct_view_ref::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **reference)
{
  /* view fild reference must be defined */
  DBUG_ASSERT(*ref);
  /* (*ref)->check_cols() will be made in Item_direct_ref::fix_fields */
  if ((*ref)->fixed)
  {
    Item *ref_item= (*ref)->real_item();
    if (ref_item->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
    {
      /*
        In some cases we need to update table read set(see bug#47150).
        If ref item is FIELD_ITEM and fixed then field and table
        have proper values. So we can use them for update.
      */
      Field *fld= ((Item_field*) ref_item)->field;
      DBUG_ASSERT(fld && fld->table);
      if (thd->mark_used_columns == MARK_COLUMNS_READ)
        bitmap_set_bit(fld->table->read_set, fld->field_index);
    }
  }
  else if (!(*ref)->fixed &&
           ((*ref)->fix_fields(thd, ref)))
    return TRUE;

  return Item_direct_ref::fix_fields(thd, reference);
}

/*
  Prepare referenced outer field then call usual Item_direct_ref::fix_fields

  SYNOPSIS
    Item_outer_ref::fix_fields()
    thd         thread handler
    reference   reference on reference where this item stored

  RETURN
    FALSE   OK
    TRUE    Error
*/

bool Item_outer_ref::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **reference)
{
  bool err;
  /* outer_ref->check_cols() will be made in Item_direct_ref::fix_fields */
  if ((*ref) && !(*ref)->fixed && ((*ref)->fix_fields(thd, reference)))
    return TRUE;
  err= Item_direct_ref::fix_fields(thd, reference);
  if (!outer_ref)
    outer_ref= *ref;
  if ((*ref)->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
    table_name= ((Item_field*)outer_ref)->table_name;
  return err;
}

void Item_outer_ref::fix_after_pullout(st_select_lex *parent_select,
                                       st_select_lex *removed_select)
{
  /*
    If this assertion holds, we need not call fix_after_pullout() on both
    *ref and outer_ref, and Item_ref::fix_after_pullout() is sufficient.
  */
  DBUG_ASSERT(*ref == outer_ref);

  Item_ref::fix_after_pullout(parent_select, removed_select);
}

void Item_ref::fix_after_pullout(st_select_lex *parent_select,
                                 st_select_lex *removed_select)
{
  (*ref)->fix_after_pullout(parent_select, removed_select);

  Item_ident::fix_after_pullout(parent_select, removed_select);
}


bool Item_direct_view_ref::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  if (item->type() == REF_ITEM)
  {
    Item_ref *item_ref= (Item_ref*) item;
    if (item_ref->ref_type() == VIEW_REF)
    {
      Item *item_ref_ref= *(item_ref->ref);
      return ((*ref)->real_item() == item_ref_ref->real_item());
    }
  }
  return FALSE;
}

bool Item_default_value::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  return item->type() == DEFAULT_VALUE_ITEM && 
    ((Item_default_value *)item)->arg->eq(arg, binary_cmp);
}


bool Item_default_value::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **items)
{
  Item *real_arg;
  Item_field *field_arg;
  Field *def_field;
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);

  if (!arg)
  {
    fixed= 1;
    return FALSE;
  }
  if (!arg->fixed && arg->fix_fields(thd, &arg))
    goto error;


  real_arg= arg->real_item();
  if (real_arg->type() != FIELD_ITEM)
  {
    my_error(ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD, MYF(0), arg->item_name.ptr());
    goto error;
  }

  field_arg= (Item_field *)real_arg;
  if (field_arg->field->flags & NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG)
  {
    my_error(ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD, MYF(0), field_arg->field->field_name);
    goto error;
  }

  def_field= field_arg->field->clone();
  if (def_field == NULL)
    goto error;

  def_field->move_field_offset((my_ptrdiff_t)
                               (def_field->table->s->default_values -
                                def_field->table->record[0]));
  set_field(def_field);
  return FALSE;

error:
  context->process_error(thd);
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_default_value::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  if (!arg)
  {
    str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("default"));
    return;
  }
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("default("));
  arg->print(str, query_type);
  str->append(')');
}


type_conversion_status
Item_default_value::save_in_field(Field *field_arg, bool no_conversions)
{
  if (!arg)
  {
    if (field_arg->flags & NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG &&
        field_arg->real_type() != MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM)
    {
      if (field_arg->reset())
      {
        my_message(ER_CANT_CREATE_GEOMETRY_OBJECT,
                   ER(ER_CANT_CREATE_GEOMETRY_OBJECT), MYF(0));
        return TYPE_ERR_BAD_VALUE;
      }

      if (context->error_processor == &view_error_processor)
      {
        TABLE_LIST *view= cached_table->top_table();
        push_warning_printf(field_arg->table->in_use,
                            Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                            ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_VIEW_FIELD,
                            ER(ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_VIEW_FIELD),
                            view->view_db.str,
                            view->view_name.str);
      }
      else
      {
        push_warning_printf(field_arg->table->in_use,
                            Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN,
                            ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD,
                            ER(ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD),
                            field_arg->field_name);
      }
      return TYPE_ERR_BAD_VALUE;
    }
    field_arg->set_default();
    return field_arg->validate_stored_val(current_thd);
  }
  return Item_field::save_in_field(field_arg, no_conversions);
}


Item *Item_default_value::transform(Item_transformer transformer, uchar *args)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(!current_thd->stmt_arena->is_stmt_prepare());

  /*
    If the value of arg is NULL, then this object represents a constant,
    so further transformation is unnecessary (and impossible).
  */
  if (!arg)
    return 0;

  Item *new_item= arg->transform(transformer, args);
  if (!new_item)
    return 0;

  /*
    THD::change_item_tree() should be called only if the tree was
    really transformed, i.e. when a new item has been created.
    Otherwise we'll be allocating a lot of unnecessary memory for
    change records at each execution.
  */
  if (arg != new_item)
    current_thd->change_item_tree(&arg, new_item);
  return (this->*transformer)(args);
}


bool Item_insert_value::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  return item->type() == INSERT_VALUE_ITEM &&
    ((Item_default_value *)item)->arg->eq(arg, binary_cmp);
}


bool Item_insert_value::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **reference)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);
  /* We should only check that arg is in first table */
  if (!arg->fixed)
  {
    bool res;
    TABLE_LIST *orig_next_table= context->last_name_resolution_table;
    context->last_name_resolution_table= context->first_name_resolution_table;
    res= arg->fix_fields(thd, &arg);
    context->last_name_resolution_table= orig_next_table;
    if (res)
      return TRUE;
  }

  if (arg->type() == REF_ITEM)
    arg= static_cast<Item_ref *>(arg)->ref[0];
  if (arg->type() != FIELD_ITEM)
  {
    my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), "", "VALUES() function");
    return TRUE;
  }

  Item_field *field_arg= (Item_field *)arg;

  if (field_arg->field->table->insert_values &&
      find_item_in_item_list(this, &thd->lex->value_list))
  {
    Field *def_field= field_arg->field->clone();
    if (!def_field)
      return TRUE;

    def_field->move_field_offset((my_ptrdiff_t)
                                 (def_field->table->insert_values -
                                  def_field->table->record[0]));
    set_field(def_field);
  }
  else
  {
    // VALUES() is used out-of-scope - its value is always NULL
    Prepared_stmt_arena_holder ps_arena_holder(thd);
    Item *const item= new Item_null(this->item_name);
    if (!item)
      return true;
    *reference= item;
  }
  return false;
}

void Item_insert_value::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("values("));
  arg->print(str, query_type);
  str->append(')');
}


void Item_trigger_field::setup_field(THD *thd, TABLE *table,
                                     GRANT_INFO *table_grant_info)
{
  /*
    It is too early to mark fields used here, because before execution
    of statement that will invoke trigger other statements may use same
    TABLE object, so all such mark-up will be wiped out.
    So instead we do it in Table_triggers_list::mark_fields_used()
    method which is called during execution of these statements.
  */
  enum_mark_columns save_mark_used_columns= thd->mark_used_columns;
  thd->mark_used_columns= MARK_COLUMNS_NONE;
  /*
    Try to find field by its name and if it will be found
    set field_idx properly.
  */
  (void)find_field_in_table(thd, table, field_name, (uint) strlen(field_name),
                            0, &field_idx);
  thd->mark_used_columns= save_mark_used_columns;
  triggers= table->triggers;
  table_grants= table_grant_info;
}


bool Item_trigger_field::eq(const Item *item, bool binary_cmp) const
{
  return item->type() == TRIGGER_FIELD_ITEM &&
         row_version == ((Item_trigger_field *)item)->row_version &&
         !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field_name,
                        ((Item_trigger_field *)item)->field_name);
}


void Item_trigger_field::set_required_privilege(bool rw)
{
  /*
    Require SELECT and UPDATE privilege if this field will be read and
    set, and only UPDATE privilege for setting the field.
  */
  want_privilege= (rw ? SELECT_ACL | UPDATE_ACL : UPDATE_ACL);
}


bool Item_trigger_field::set_value(THD *thd, sp_rcontext * /*ctx*/, Item **it)
{
  Item *item= sp_prepare_func_item(thd, it);

  if (!item)
    return true;

  if (!fixed)
  {
    if (fix_fields(thd, NULL))
      return true;
  }

  // NOTE: field->table->copy_blobs should be false here, but let's
  // remember the value at runtime to avoid subtle bugs.
  bool copy_blobs_saved= field->table->copy_blobs;

  field->table->copy_blobs= true;

  int err_code= item->save_in_field(field, 0);

  field->table->copy_blobs= copy_blobs_saved;

  return err_code < 0;
}


bool Item_trigger_field::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **items)
{
  /*
    Since trigger is object tightly associated with TABLE object most
    of its set up can be performed during trigger loading i.e. trigger
    parsing! So we have little to do in fix_fields. :)
  */

  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 0);

  /* Set field. */

  if (field_idx != (uint)-1)
  {
#ifndef NO_EMBEDDED_ACCESS_CHECKS
    /*
      Check access privileges for the subject table. We check privileges only
      in runtime.
    */

    if (table_grants)
    {
      table_grants->want_privilege= want_privilege;

      if (check_grant_column(thd, table_grants, triggers->trigger_table->s->db.str,
                             triggers->trigger_table->s->table_name.str, field_name,
                             strlen(field_name), thd->security_ctx))
        return TRUE;
    }
#endif // NO_EMBEDDED_ACCESS_CHECKS

    field= (row_version == OLD_ROW) ? triggers->old_field[field_idx] :
                                      triggers->new_field[field_idx];
    set_field(field);
    fixed= 1;
    return FALSE;
  }

  my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), field_name,
           (row_version == NEW_ROW) ? "NEW" : "OLD");
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_trigger_field::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  str->append((row_version == NEW_ROW) ? "NEW" : "OLD", 3);
  str->append('.');
  str->append(field_name);
}


void Item_trigger_field::cleanup()
{
  want_privilege= original_privilege;
  /*
    Since special nature of Item_trigger_field we should not do most of
    things from Item_field::cleanup() or Item_ident::cleanup() here.
  */
  Item::cleanup();
}


Item_result item_cmp_type(Item_result a,Item_result b)
{
  if (a == STRING_RESULT && b == STRING_RESULT)
    return STRING_RESULT;
  if (a == INT_RESULT && b == INT_RESULT)
    return INT_RESULT;
  else if (a == ROW_RESULT || b == ROW_RESULT)
    return ROW_RESULT;
  if ((a == INT_RESULT || a == DECIMAL_RESULT) &&
      (b == INT_RESULT || b == DECIMAL_RESULT))
    return DECIMAL_RESULT;
  return REAL_RESULT;
}


void resolve_const_item(THD *thd, Item **ref, Item *comp_item)
{
  Item *item= *ref;
  Item *new_item= NULL;
  if (item->basic_const_item())
    return;                                     // Can't be better
  Item_result res_type=item_cmp_type(comp_item->result_type(),
                                     item->result_type());
  switch (res_type) {
  case STRING_RESULT:
  {
    char buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];
    String tmp(buff,sizeof(buff),&my_charset_bin),*result;
    result=item->val_str(&tmp);
    if (item->null_value)
      new_item= new Item_null(item->item_name);
    else if (item->is_temporal())
    {
      enum_field_types type= item->field_type() == MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP ?
                              MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME : item->field_type();
      new_item= create_temporal_literal(thd, result->ptr(), result->length(),
                                        result->charset(), type, true);
    }
    else
    {
      uint length= result->length();
      char *tmp_str= sql_strmake(result->ptr(), length);
      new_item= new Item_string(item->item_name, tmp_str, length, result->charset());
    }
    break;
  }
  case INT_RESULT:
  {
    longlong result=item->val_int();
    uint length=item->max_length;
    bool null_value=item->null_value;
    new_item= (null_value ? (Item*) new Item_null(item->item_name) :
               (Item*) new Item_int(item->item_name, result, length));
    break;
  }
  case ROW_RESULT:
  if (item->type() == Item::ROW_ITEM && comp_item->type() == Item::ROW_ITEM)
  {
    /*
      Substitute constants only in Item_rows. Don't affect other Items
      with ROW_RESULT (eg Item_singlerow_subselect).

      For such Items more optimal is to detect if it is constant and replace
      it with Item_row. This would optimize queries like this:
      SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (a,b) = (SELECT a,b FROM t2 LIMIT 1);
    */
    Item_row *item_row= (Item_row*) item;
    Item_row *comp_item_row= (Item_row*) comp_item;
    uint col;
    new_item= 0;
    /*
      If item and comp_item are both Item_rows and have same number of cols
      then process items in Item_row one by one.
      We can't ignore NULL values here as this item may be used with <=>, in
      which case NULL's are significant.
    */
    DBUG_ASSERT(item->result_type() == comp_item->result_type());
    DBUG_ASSERT(item_row->cols() == comp_item_row->cols());
    col= item_row->cols();
    while (col-- > 0)
      resolve_const_item(thd, item_row->addr(col),
                         comp_item_row->element_index(col));
    break;
  }
  /* Fallthrough */
  case REAL_RESULT:
  {                                             // It must REAL_RESULT
    double result= item->val_real();
    uint length=item->max_length,decimals=item->decimals;
    bool null_value=item->null_value;
    new_item= (null_value ? (Item*) new Item_null(item->item_name) : (Item*)
               new Item_float(item->item_name, result, decimals, length));
    break;
  }
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
  {
    my_decimal decimal_value;
    my_decimal *result= item->val_decimal(&decimal_value);
    bool null_value= item->null_value;
    new_item= (null_value ?
               (Item*) new Item_null(item->item_name) :
               (Item*) new Item_decimal(item->item_name, result,
                                        item->max_length, item->decimals));
    break;
  }
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  if (new_item)
    thd->change_item_tree(ref, new_item);
}

int stored_field_cmp_to_item(THD *thd, Field *field, Item *item)
{
  Item_result res_type=item_cmp_type(field->result_type(),
                                     item->result_type());
  if (field->type() == MYSQL_TYPE_TIME &&
      item->field_type() == MYSQL_TYPE_TIME)
  {
    longlong field_value= field->val_time_temporal();
    longlong item_value= item->val_time_temporal();
    return field_value < item_value ? -1 : field_value > item_value ? 1 : 0;
  }
  if (field->is_temporal_with_date() && item->is_temporal())
  {
    /*
      Note, in case of TIME data type we also go here
      and call item->val_date_temporal(), because we want
      TIME to be converted to DATE/DATETIME properly.
      Only non-temporal data types go though get_mysql_time_from_str()
      in the below code branch.
    */
    longlong field_value= field->val_date_temporal();
    longlong item_value= item->val_date_temporal();
    return field_value < item_value ? -1 : field_value > item_value ? 1 : 0;
  }
  if (res_type == STRING_RESULT)
  {
    char item_buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];
    char field_buff[MAX_FIELD_WIDTH];
    
    String item_tmp(item_buff,sizeof(item_buff),&my_charset_bin);
    String field_tmp(field_buff,sizeof(field_buff),&my_charset_bin);
    String *item_result= item->val_str(&item_tmp);
    /*
      Some implementations of Item::val_str(String*) actually modify
      the field Item::null_value, hence we can't check it earlier.
    */
    if (item->null_value)
      return 0;
    String *field_result= field->val_str(&field_tmp);

    if (field->is_temporal_with_date())
    {
      enum_mysql_timestamp_type type=
        field_type_to_timestamp_type(field->type());
      const char *field_name= field->field_name;
      MYSQL_TIME field_time, item_time;
      get_mysql_time_from_str(thd, field_result, type, field_name, &field_time);
      get_mysql_time_from_str(thd, item_result, type, field_name,  &item_time);

      return my_time_compare(&field_time, &item_time);
    }
    return sortcmp(field_result, item_result, field->charset());
  }
  if (res_type == INT_RESULT)
    return 0;                                   // Both are of type int
  if (res_type == DECIMAL_RESULT)
  {
    my_decimal item_buf, *item_val,
               field_buf, *field_val;
    item_val= item->val_decimal(&item_buf);
    if (item->null_value)
      return 0;
    field_val= field->val_decimal(&field_buf);
    return my_decimal_cmp(field_val, item_val);
  }
  /*
    The patch for Bug#13463415 started using this function for comparing
    BIGINTs. That uncovered a bug in Visual Studio 32bit optimized mode.
    Prefixing the auto variables with volatile fixes the problem....
  */
  volatile double result= item->val_real();
  if (item->null_value)
    return 0;
  volatile double field_result= field->val_real();
  if (field_result < result)
    return -1;
  else if (field_result > result)
    return 1;
  return 0;
}

Item_cache* Item_cache::get_cache(const Item *item)
{
  return get_cache(item, item->result_type());
}


Item_cache* Item_cache::get_cache(const Item *item, const Item_result type)
{
  switch (type) {
  case INT_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_int(item->field_type());
  case REAL_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_real();
  case DECIMAL_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_decimal();
  case STRING_RESULT:
    /* Not all functions that return DATE/TIME are actually DATE/TIME funcs. */
    if (item->is_temporal())
      return new Item_cache_datetime(item->field_type());
    return new Item_cache_str(item);
  case ROW_RESULT:
    return new Item_cache_row();
  default:
    // should never be in real life
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
    return 0;
  }
}

void Item_cache::store(Item *item)
{
  example= item;
  if (!item)
    null_value= TRUE;
  value_cached= FALSE;
}

void Item_cache::print(String *str, enum_query_type query_type)
{
  str->append(STRING_WITH_LEN("<cache>("));
  if (example)
    example->print(str, query_type);
  else
    Item::print(str, query_type);
  str->append(')');
}

bool Item_cache::walk (Item_processor processor, bool walk_subquery,
                     uchar *argument)
{
  if (example && example->walk(processor, walk_subquery, argument))
    return 1;
  return (this->*processor)(argument);
}

bool  Item_cache_int::cache_value()
{
  if (!example)
    return FALSE;
  value_cached= TRUE;
  value= example->val_int_result();
  null_value= example->null_value;
  unsigned_flag= example->unsigned_flag;
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_cache_int::store(Item *item, longlong val_arg)
{
  /* An explicit values is given, save it. */
  value_cached= TRUE;
  value= val_arg;
  null_value= item->null_value;
  unsigned_flag= item->unsigned_flag;
}


String *Item_cache_int::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return NULL;
  str->set_int(value, unsigned_flag, default_charset());
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item_cache_int::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return NULL;
  int2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, unsigned_flag, decimal_val);
  return decimal_val;
}

double Item_cache_int::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return 0.0;
  return (double) value;
}

longlong Item_cache_int::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return 0;
  return value;
}

bool  Item_cache_datetime::cache_value_int()
{
  if (!example)
    return false;

  value_cached= true;
  // Mark cached string value obsolete
  str_value_cached= false;

  DBUG_ASSERT(field_type() == example->field_type());
  int_value= example->val_temporal_by_field_type();
  null_value= example->null_value;
  unsigned_flag= example->unsigned_flag;

  return true;
}


bool  Item_cache_datetime::cache_value()
{
  if (!example)
    return FALSE;

  if (cmp_context == INT_RESULT)
    return cache_value_int();

  str_value_cached= TRUE;
  // Mark cached int value obsolete
  value_cached= FALSE;
  /* Assume here that the underlying item will do correct conversion.*/
  String *res= example->str_result(&str_value);
  if (res && res != &str_value)
    str_value.copy(*res);
  null_value= example->null_value;
  unsigned_flag= example->unsigned_flag;
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_cache_datetime::store(Item *item, longlong val_arg)
{
  /* An explicit values is given, save it. */
  value_cached= TRUE;
  int_value= val_arg;
  null_value= item->null_value;
  unsigned_flag= item->unsigned_flag;
}


void Item_cache_datetime::store(Item *item)
{
  Item_cache::store(item);
  str_value_cached= FALSE;
}

String *Item_cache_datetime::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);

  if ((value_cached || str_value_cached) && null_value)
    return NULL;

  if (!str_value_cached)
  {
    /*
      When it's possible the Item_cache_datetime uses INT datetime
      representation due to speed reasons. But still, it always has the STRING
      result type and thus it can be asked to return a string value. 
      It is possible that at this time cached item doesn't contain correct
      string value, thus we have to convert cached int value to string and
      return it.
    */
    if (value_cached)
    {
      MYSQL_TIME ltime;
      TIME_from_longlong_packed(&ltime, cached_field_type, int_value);
      if ((null_value= my_TIME_to_str(&ltime, &str_value,
                                      MY_MIN(decimals, DATETIME_MAX_DECIMALS))))
        return NULL;
      str_value_cached= TRUE;
    }
    else if (!cache_value())
      return NULL;
  }
  return &str_value;
}


my_decimal *Item_cache_datetime::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);

  if (str_value_cached)
  {
    switch (cached_field_type)
    {
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
      return val_decimal_from_time(decimal_val);
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
      return val_decimal_from_date(decimal_val);
    default:
      DBUG_ASSERT(0);
      return NULL;
    }
  }

  if ((!value_cached && !cache_value_int()) || null_value)
    return 0;
  return my_decimal_from_datetime_packed(decimal_val, field_type(), int_value);
}


bool Item_cache_datetime::get_date(MYSQL_TIME *ltime, uint fuzzydate)
{
  if ((value_cached || str_value_cached) && null_value)
    return true;

  if (str_value_cached) // TS-TODO: reuse MYSQL_TIME_cache eventually.
    return get_date_from_string(ltime, fuzzydate);

  if ((!value_cached && !cache_value_int()) || null_value)
    return (null_value= true);


  switch (cached_field_type)
  {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
    {
      MYSQL_TIME tm;
      TIME_from_longlong_time_packed(&tm, int_value);
      time_to_datetime(current_thd, &tm, ltime);
      return false;
    }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
    {
      int warnings= 0;
      TIME_from_longlong_date_packed(ltime, int_value);
      return check_date(ltime, non_zero_date(ltime), fuzzydate, &warnings);
    }
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    {
      int warnings= 0;
      TIME_from_longlong_datetime_packed(ltime, int_value);
      return check_date(ltime, non_zero_date(ltime), fuzzydate, &warnings);
    }
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return true;
}


bool Item_cache_datetime::get_time(MYSQL_TIME *ltime)
{
  if ((value_cached || str_value_cached) && null_value)
    return true;

  if (str_value_cached) // TS-TODO: reuse MYSQL_TIME_cache eventually.
    return get_time_from_string(ltime);

  if ((!value_cached && !cache_value_int()) || null_value)
    return true;

  switch (cached_field_type)
  {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
    TIME_from_longlong_time_packed(ltime, int_value);
    return false;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
    set_zero_time(ltime, MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_TIME);
    return false;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    TIME_from_longlong_datetime_packed(ltime, int_value);
    datetime_to_time(ltime);
    return false;
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  }
  return true;
}


double Item_cache_datetime::val_real()
{
  return val_real_from_decimal();
}

longlong Item_cache_datetime::val_time_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((!value_cached && !cache_value_int()) || null_value)
    return 0;
  if (is_temporal_with_date())
  {
    /* Convert packed date to packed time */
    MYSQL_TIME ltime;
    return get_time_from_date(&ltime) ? 0 :
           TIME_to_longlong_packed(&ltime, field_type());
  }
  return int_value;
}

longlong Item_cache_datetime::val_date_temporal()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if ((!value_cached && !cache_value_int()) || null_value)
    return 0;
  if (cached_field_type == MYSQL_TYPE_TIME)
  {
    /* Convert packed time to packed date */
    MYSQL_TIME ltime;
    return get_date_from_time(&ltime) ? 0 :
           TIME_to_longlong_datetime_packed(&ltime);
    
  }
  return int_value;
}

longlong Item_cache_datetime::val_int()
{
  return val_int_from_decimal();
}

bool Item_cache_real::cache_value()
{
  if (!example)
    return FALSE;
  value_cached= TRUE;
  value= example->val_result();
  null_value= example->null_value;
  return TRUE;
}


double Item_cache_real::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return 0.0;
  return value;
}

longlong Item_cache_real::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return 0;
  return (longlong) rint(value);
}


String* Item_cache_real::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return NULL;
  str->set_real(value, decimals, default_charset());
  return str;
}


my_decimal *Item_cache_real::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return NULL;
  double2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, decimal_val);
  return decimal_val;
}


bool Item_cache_decimal::cache_value()
{
  if (!example)
    return FALSE;
  value_cached= TRUE;
  my_decimal *val= example->val_decimal_result(&decimal_value);
  if (!(null_value= example->null_value) && val != &decimal_value)
    my_decimal2decimal(val, &decimal_value);
  return TRUE;
}

double Item_cache_decimal::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  double res;
  if (!has_value())
    return 0.0;
  my_decimal2double(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, &res);
  return res;
}

longlong Item_cache_decimal::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  longlong res;
  if (!has_value())
    return 0;
  my_decimal2int(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, unsigned_flag, &res);
  return res;
}

String* Item_cache_decimal::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  if (!has_value())
    return NULL;
  my_decimal_round(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, decimals, FALSE,
                   &decimal_value);
  my_decimal2string(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, &decimal_value, 0, 0, 0, str);
  return str;
}

my_decimal *Item_cache_decimal::val_decimal(my_decimal *val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed);
  if (!has_value())
    return NULL;
  return &decimal_value;
}


bool Item_cache_str::cache_value()
{
  if (!example)
    return FALSE;
  value_cached= TRUE;
  value_buff.set(buffer, sizeof(buffer), example->collation.collation);
  value= example->str_result(&value_buff);
  if ((null_value= example->null_value))
    value= 0;
  else if (value != &value_buff)
  {
    /*
      We copy string value to avoid changing value if 'item' is table field
      in queries like following (where t1.c is varchar):
      select a, 
             (select a,b,c from t1 where t1.a=t2.a) = ROW(a,2,'a'),
             (select c from t1 where a=t2.a)
        from t2;
    */
    value_buff.copy(*value);
    value= &value_buff;
  }
  return TRUE;
}

double Item_cache_str::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  int err_not_used;
  char *end_not_used;
  if (!has_value())
    return 0.0;
  if (value)
    return my_strntod(value->charset(), (char*) value->ptr(),
                      value->length(), &end_not_used, &err_not_used);
  return (double) 0;
}


longlong Item_cache_str::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  int err;
  if (!has_value())
    return 0;
  if (value)
    return my_strntoll(value->charset(), value->ptr(),
                       value->length(), 10, (char**) 0, &err);
  else
    return (longlong)0;
}


String* Item_cache_str::val_str(String *str)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return 0;
  return value;
}


my_decimal *Item_cache_str::val_decimal(my_decimal *decimal_val)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(fixed == 1);
  if (!has_value())
    return NULL;
  if (value)
    string2my_decimal(E_DEC_FATAL_ERROR, value, decimal_val);
  else
    decimal_val= 0;
  return decimal_val;
}


type_conversion_status
Item_cache_str::save_in_field(Field *field, bool no_conversions)
{
  if (!value_cached && !cache_value())
    return TYPE_ERR_BAD_VALUE;               // Fatal: couldn't cache the value
  if (null_value)
    return set_field_to_null_with_conversions(field, no_conversions);
  const type_conversion_status res= Item_cache::save_in_field(field,
                                                              no_conversions);
  if (is_varbinary && field->type() == MYSQL_TYPE_STRING && value != NULL &&
      value->length() < field->field_length)
    return TYPE_WARN_OUT_OF_RANGE;
  return res;

}


bool Item_cache_row::allocate(uint num)
{
  item_count= num;
  THD *thd= current_thd;
  return (!(values= 
            (Item_cache **) thd->calloc(sizeof(Item_cache *)*item_count)));
}


bool Item_cache_row::setup(Item * item)
{
  example= item;
  if (!values && allocate(item->cols()))
    return 1;
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
  {
    Item *el= item->element_index(i);
    Item_cache *tmp;
    if (!(tmp= values[i]= Item_cache::get_cache(el)))
      return 1;
    tmp->setup(el);
  }
  return 0;
}


void Item_cache_row::store(Item * item)
{
  example= item;
  if (!item)
  {
    null_value= TRUE;
    return;
  }
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
    values[i]->store(item->element_index(i));
}


bool Item_cache_row::cache_value()
{
  if (!example)
    return FALSE;
  value_cached= TRUE;
  null_value= 0;
  example->bring_value();
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
  {
    values[i]->cache_value();
    null_value|= values[i]->null_value;
  }
  return TRUE;
}


void Item_cache_row::illegal_method_call(const char *method)
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_cache_row::illegal_method_call");
  DBUG_PRINT("error", ("!!! %s method was called for row item", method));
  DBUG_ASSERT(0);
  my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), 1);
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}


bool Item_cache_row::check_cols(uint c)
{
  if (c != item_count)
  {
    my_error(ER_OPERAND_COLUMNS, MYF(0), c);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}


bool Item_cache_row::null_inside()
{
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
  {
    if (values[i]->cols() > 1)
    {
      if (values[i]->null_inside())
        return 1;
    }
    else
    {
      values[i]->update_null_value();
      if (values[i]->null_value)
        return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}


void Item_cache_row::bring_value()
{
  if (!example)
    return;
  example->bring_value();
  null_value= example->null_value;
  for (uint i= 0; i < item_count; i++)
    values[i]->bring_value();
}


Item_type_holder::Item_type_holder(THD *thd, Item *item)
  :Item(thd, item), enum_set_typelib(0), fld_type(get_real_type(item))
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(item->fixed);
  maybe_null= item->maybe_null;
  collation.set(item->collation);
  get_full_info(item);
  /* fix variable decimals which always is NOT_FIXED_DEC */
  if (Field::result_merge_type(fld_type) == INT_RESULT)
    decimals= 0;
  prev_decimal_int_part= item->decimal_int_part();
#ifdef HAVE_SPATIAL
  if (item->field_type() == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY)
    geometry_type= item->get_geometry_type();
#endif /* HAVE_SPATIAL */
}


Item_result Item_type_holder::result_type() const
{
  return Field::result_merge_type(fld_type);
}


enum_field_types Item_type_holder::get_real_type(Item *item)
{
  switch(item->type())
  {
  case FIELD_ITEM:
  {
    /*
      Item_fields::field_type ask Field_type() but sometimes field return
      a different type, like for enum/set, so we need to ask real type.
    */
    Field *field= ((Item_field *) item)->field;
    enum_field_types type= field->real_type();
    if (field->is_created_from_null_item)
      return MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
    /* work around about varchar type field detection */
    if (type == MYSQL_TYPE_STRING && field->type() == MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING)
      return MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
    return type;
  }
  case SUM_FUNC_ITEM:
  {
    /*
      Argument of aggregate function sometimes should be asked about field
      type
    */
    Item_sum *item_sum= (Item_sum *) item;
    if (item_sum->keep_field_type())
      return get_real_type(item_sum->get_arg(0));
    break;
  }
  case FUNC_ITEM:
    if (((Item_func *) item)->functype() == Item_func::GUSERVAR_FUNC)
    {
      /*
        There are work around of problem with changing variable type on the
        fly and variable always report "string" as field type to get
        acceptable information for client in send_field, so we make field
        type from expression type.
      */
      switch (item->result_type()) {
      case STRING_RESULT:
        return MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
      case INT_RESULT:
        return MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG;
      case REAL_RESULT:
        return MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE;
      case DECIMAL_RESULT:
        return MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL;
      case ROW_RESULT:
      default:
        DBUG_ASSERT(0);
        return MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
      }
    }
    break;
  default:
    break;
  }
  return item->field_type();
}

bool Item_type_holder::join_types(THD *thd, Item *item)
{
  uint max_length_orig= max_length;
  uint decimals_orig= decimals;
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_type_holder::join_types");
  DBUG_PRINT("info:", ("was type %d len %d, dec %d name %s",
                       fld_type, max_length, decimals,
                       (item_name.is_set() ? item_name.ptr() : "<NULL>")));
  DBUG_PRINT("info:", ("in type %d len %d, dec %d",
                       get_real_type(item),
                       item->max_length, item->decimals));
  fld_type= Field::field_type_merge(fld_type, get_real_type(item));
  {
    int item_decimals= item->decimals;
    /* fix variable decimals which always is NOT_FIXED_DEC */
    if (Field::result_merge_type(fld_type) == INT_RESULT)
      item_decimals= 0;
    decimals= max<int>(decimals, item_decimals);
  }
  if (Field::result_merge_type(fld_type) == DECIMAL_RESULT)
  {
    decimals= min<int>(max(decimals, item->decimals), DECIMAL_MAX_SCALE);
    int item_int_part= item->decimal_int_part();
    int item_prec = max(prev_decimal_int_part, item_int_part) + decimals;
    int precision= min<uint>(item_prec, DECIMAL_MAX_PRECISION);
    unsigned_flag&= item->unsigned_flag;
    max_length= my_decimal_precision_to_length_no_truncation(precision,
                                                             decimals,
                                                             unsigned_flag);
  }

  switch (Field::result_merge_type(fld_type))
  {
  case STRING_RESULT:
  {
    const char *old_cs, *old_derivation;
    uint32 old_max_chars= max_length / collation.collation->mbmaxlen;
    old_cs= collation.collation->name;
    old_derivation= collation.derivation_name();
    if (collation.aggregate(item->collation, MY_COLL_ALLOW_CONV))
    {
      my_error(ER_CANT_AGGREGATE_2COLLATIONS, MYF(0),
               old_cs, old_derivation,
               item->collation.collation->name,
               item->collation.derivation_name(),
               "UNION");
      DBUG_RETURN(TRUE);
    }
    /*
      To figure out max_length, we have to take into account possible
      expansion of the size of the values because of character set
      conversions.
     */
    if (collation.collation != &my_charset_bin)
    {
      max_length= max(old_max_chars * collation.collation->mbmaxlen,
                      display_length(item) /
                      item->collation.collation->mbmaxlen *
                      collation.collation->mbmaxlen);
    }
    else
      set_if_bigger(max_length, display_length(item));
    break;
  }
  case REAL_RESULT:
  {
    if (decimals != NOT_FIXED_DEC)
    {
      /*
        For FLOAT(M,D)/DOUBLE(M,D) do not change precision
         if both fields have the same M and D
      */
      if (item->max_length != max_length_orig ||
          item->decimals != decimals_orig)
      {
        int delta1= max_length_orig - decimals_orig;
        int delta2= item->max_length - item->decimals;
        max_length= max(delta1, delta2) + decimals;
        if (fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT && max_length > FLT_DIG + 2)
        {
          max_length= MAX_FLOAT_STR_LENGTH;
          decimals= NOT_FIXED_DEC;
        } 
        else if (fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE && max_length > DBL_DIG + 2)
        {
          max_length= MAX_DOUBLE_STR_LENGTH;
          decimals= NOT_FIXED_DEC;
        }
      }
    }
    else
      max_length= (fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT) ? FLT_DIG+6 : DBL_DIG+7;
    break;
  }
  default:
    max_length= max(max_length, display_length(item));
  };
  maybe_null|= item->maybe_null;
  get_full_info(item);

  /* Remember decimal integer part to be used in DECIMAL_RESULT handleng */
  prev_decimal_int_part= decimal_int_part();
  DBUG_PRINT("info", ("become type: %d  len: %u  dec: %u",
                      (int) fld_type, max_length, (uint) decimals));
  DBUG_RETURN(FALSE);
}

uint32 Item_type_holder::display_length(Item *item)
{
  if (item->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM)
    return ((Item_field *)item)->max_disp_length();

  switch (item->field_type())
  {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DECIMAL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_YEAR:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDATE:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
  case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
    return item->max_length;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY:
    return 4;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT:
    return 6;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG:
    return MY_INT32_NUM_DECIMAL_DIGITS;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT:
    return 25;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
    return 53;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NULL:
    return 0;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG:
    return 20;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_INT24:
    return 8;
  default:
    DBUG_ASSERT(0); // we should never go there
    return 0;
  }
}


Field *Item_type_holder::make_field_by_type(TABLE *table)
{
  /*
    The field functions defines a field to be not null if null_ptr is not 0
  */
  uchar *null_ptr= maybe_null ? (uchar*) "" : 0;
  Field *field;

  switch (fld_type) {
  case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
    DBUG_ASSERT(enum_set_typelib);
    field= new Field_enum((uchar *) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0,
                          Field::NONE, item_name.ptr(),
                          get_enum_pack_length(enum_set_typelib->count),
                          enum_set_typelib, collation.collation);
    if (field)
      field->init(table);
    return field;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
    DBUG_ASSERT(enum_set_typelib);
    field= new Field_set((uchar *) 0, max_length, null_ptr, 0,
                         Field::NONE, item_name.ptr(),
                         get_set_pack_length(enum_set_typelib->count),
                         enum_set_typelib, collation.collation);
    if (field)
      field->init(table);
    return field;
  case MYSQL_TYPE_NULL:
    return make_string_field(table);
  default:
    break;
  }
  return tmp_table_field_from_field_type(table, 0);
}


void Item_type_holder::get_full_info(Item *item)
{
  if (fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM ||
      fld_type == MYSQL_TYPE_SET)
  {
    if (item->type() == Item::SUM_FUNC_ITEM &&
        (((Item_sum*)item)->sum_func() == Item_sum::MAX_FUNC ||
         ((Item_sum*)item)->sum_func() == Item_sum::MIN_FUNC))
      item = ((Item_sum*)item)->get_arg(0);
    /*
      We can have enum/set type after merging only if we have one enum|set
      field (or MIN|MAX(enum|set field)) and number of NULL fields
    */
    DBUG_ASSERT((enum_set_typelib &&
                 get_real_type(item) == MYSQL_TYPE_NULL) ||
                (!enum_set_typelib &&
                 item->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM &&
                 (get_real_type(item) == MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM ||
                  get_real_type(item) == MYSQL_TYPE_SET) &&
                 ((Field_enum*)((Item_field *) item)->field)->typelib));
    if (!enum_set_typelib)
    {
      enum_set_typelib= ((Field_enum*)((Item_field *) item)->field)->typelib;
    }
  }
}


double Item_type_holder::val_real()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(0); // should never be called
  return 0.0;
}


longlong Item_type_holder::val_int()
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(0); // should never be called
  return 0;
}

my_decimal *Item_type_holder::val_decimal(my_decimal *)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(0); // should never be called
  return 0;
}

String *Item_type_holder::val_str(String*)
{
  DBUG_ASSERT(0); // should never be called
  return 0;
}

void Item_result_field::cleanup()
{
  DBUG_ENTER("Item_result_field::cleanup()");
  Item::cleanup();
  result_field= 0;
  DBUG_VOID_RETURN;
}

void dummy_error_processor(THD *thd, void *data)
{}

void view_error_processor(THD *thd, void *data)
{
  ((TABLE_LIST *)data)->hide_view_error(thd);
}